Причастие и причастные обороты (The Participle and the Participle Constructions)

Формы причастия

	Active	Passive
Present Past ♦Perfect	producing having produced	being produced produced having been produced

Выполняет только функцию обстоятельства

Функции причастия в предложении

1. Определение:

Economy ofboth developing and developed countries depends on energy.

Экономика как развивающихся, так и развитых стран зависит от энергетического сектора.

The plant being built will produce equipment for oil industry.

Строящийся завод будет выпускать оборудование для нефтяной промышленности. Завод, который сейчас строится, будет выпускать оборудование для нефтяной промышленности.

The experiment carried out by this scientist showed good results. Эксперимент, проведенный этим ученым, дал хорошие результаты. Эксперимент, который был проведен этим ученым, дал хорошие результаты.

The method used showed good results. Примененный метод дал хорошие результаты.

The data referred to in the report are reliable.

Данные, на которые ссылаются в докладе, надежные.

2. Обстоятельство:

(While) working at her thesis Marie Curie found that the rays of uranium were different from other known rays.

Работая над диссертацией, M. Кюри открыла, что лучи урана отличаются от всех других известных лучей.

Когда М. Кюри работала над диссертацией, она открыла, что лучи урана отличаются от всех других известных лучей.

При работе над диссертацией М. Кюри открыла, что лучи урана отличаются от всех других известных лучей.

Being invited to do research at the University in Montreal, Rutherford moved to Canada. Так как Резерфорда пригласили заниматься исследованиями в Университете Монреаля, он переехал в Канаду.

(When) heated to 100°C water boils.

Когда воду нагревают до 100°С, она кипит.

При нагревании до 100°С вода кипит.

Having obtained her Master's degrees in Physics and Mathematics, M. Curie decided to obtain a Doctor's degree.

Получив степени магистра физических и математических наук, М. Кюри решила получить докторскую степень.

После того, как М. Кюри получила степени магистра физических и математических наук, она решила получить докторскую степень.

Having been translated into many languages, the work became known all over the world. После того, как работа была переведена на многие языки, она стала известна во всем мире.

Независимый причастный оборот (The Absolute Participle Construction)

1. Rutherford taught young scientists in the field of atomic research, with Pvotr Kapitsa being his favourite pupil.

Резерфорд занимался с молодыми учеными в области атомных исследований, причем (а, и) Петр Капица был его любимым учеником.

fWith) A. Bell having invented the telephone, the transcontinental telephone communication became possible.

После того, как (когда, т.к.) А. Белл изобрел телефон, трансконтинентальная телефонная связь стала возможной.

Ex. 6 Translate the following word combinations. Mind the Participle.

a) the students attending classes the professor giving the lecture the student making the report the growing interest

the moving particles

the scientists carrying out the experiment the report consisting of two parts the plant producing chemicals the factor influencing oil production the properties causing corrosion

b) the answer given by the student the experiment shown at the lecture oil found in Siberia

the subjects studied in the first year the achieved results

the laboratory provided with all the necessary equipment

me work offered to the students dynamite invented by Nobel the theory developed by Rutherford the letter left on the table

c) the data referred to are...

the problem spoken of at the conference was...

the properties influenced by temperature are...

the lecture followed by the film is...

the information relied on can be...

the lecturer listened to with great attention was...

the children looked after by their granny must be...

the book looked for everywhere is...

the equipment sent for should be...

the questions answered by the teacher are...

d) using new equipment building a new house developing a new plan inventing new instruments

while working on the Periodic Table when completing the task deciding what to do sending a letter to his parents thinking about her future graduating from the University

e) having received new information

having equipped the laboratory with new instruments

having returned from the expedition

having been offered help, he...

having been given the instructions, the students...

having been taken from the library the book was...

having changed the plans

having determined the properties

having been achieved in the laboratory, the results....

having moved to Moscow

Ex.7 Translate into Russian the following word combinations.

1. petroleum exporting countries; petroleum exported from Russia; exportable products.

2. the industry using new technologies; new technologies used in industry, usable technologies.

3. oil producing countries; oil produced in West Siberia; producible oil.

4. the company transporting oil by sea; oil transported by sea; transportable products.

5. measuring instruments; the temperature measured by special instruments; measurable particles.

6. tools detecting underground structures; underground structures detected by geophysicists; detectable structures.

Ex. 8 Translate into English.

1. студент, задающий вопрос - вопрос, заданный студентом - задавая вопрос - задав вопрос

2. инженер, использующий новые материалы - использованные материалы - используя новые материалы - использовав все материалы

3. прибор, определяющий глубину - глубина, определенная при помощи прибора -при определении глубины - определив глубину

4. специалист, анализирующий свойства нефти - свойства нефти, проанализированные в лаборатории - анализируя свойства нефти - проанализировав свойства нефти

5. студенты, сдающие экзамены - экзамен, сданный студентами - сдавая экзамен -сдав экзамен

6. ученый, делающий доклад - доклад, сделанный ученым - делая доклад - сделав доклад

7. инженеры, строящие дороги - дороги, построенные в регионе - при строительстве дорог - построив дороги

Ex. 9 Translate the sentences. Mind the Participle.

1. The falling water has kinetic energy.

2. The existing conditions were discussed by the engineers.

3. The operating mechanism was invented by a young scientist.

4. The water heated up to 80°C was necessary for the experiment.

5. OPEC was founded in 1960 by several Middle East countries producing and exporting oil.

6. In the early 1990s OPEC members produced more than half the oil exported in the world.

7. Tankers transporting oil cross many seas and oceans.

8. Oilmen use different methods increasing oil production.

9. Oil production increased in Russia in the 1980s reduced considerably in the 1990s.

10. The analyzed minerals were packed into boxes.

11. When analyzed the minerals were packed into boxes.

12. While carrying out the experiment the scientist tried to prove his theory.

13. The experiment carried out by the young scientist proved the theory of his teacher.

14. The forces affecting atoms within a molecule are very great.

15. Sea water containing about 3.5 per cent of salt cannot be used directly for most needs.

16. Sea water containing about 3.5 per cent of salt, people cannot use it directly for most needs.

17. The workers applying a new method of constructing have achieved good results.

18. The workers having applied a new method of constructing, good results were achieved.

19. The electrons move at various speeds, their speed depending on the temperature and the properties of a material.

20. Electrons moving through a wire, electrical energy is generated.

21. The machine used was not powerful.

22. The machine used required repairing.

23. Though used the machine was not powerful.

24. When solved the problem did not seem so complex.

25. All the problems solved, the scientists started the experiment.

26. If provided with necessary equipment, the expedition could achieve better results.

27. If properly applied the mechanism will work much longer.

28. The catalysts used accelerated the rate of reactions.

29. The oil field discovered produced oil of good quality.

30. While finishing the work the engineers noticed a mistake.

31. Having obtained new data the engineers could improve the design of their mechanism.

32. Having split the atom the man obtained a powerful source of energy.

Ex.10 Answer the following questions.

1. What sources of energy do you know ?

2. Why is the petroleum industry paid much attention to ?

3. Why do people look for new oil and gas deposits ?

Ex. 11 Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the introductory phrases:

As far as I know Iguess It's true I believe so

I don't really agree I'm afraid it's not correct I wouldn't say that

Yes, but

On the one hand

On the other hand

1. The economy of any nation depends on energy.

2. The main oil producing countries are China and Japan.

3. Oil and gas are the only sources of energy.

4. The 21^st century is the age of alternative sources of energy.

Ex. 12 Read the text and do the tasks which follow it.

Using the Earth's Resources

1. The term «energy shortage», when used to say that the world is running out of energy resources, is not correct. The world is not short of energy resources. Man's need is to convert sufficient amounts of the earth's energy into usable products as population and demand grow.

2. There is a continuous flow of energy into and out of the Earth's surface environment. The largest source of the energy flow is solar radiation. It is an unlimited source of energy. Most solar energy is unused. Only a small part of it is caught by plant leaves and stored as chemical energy. It becomes the source of food energy for humans and animals.

3. Solar energy is the original source of fossil fuels (горючие ископаемые), too. Through the ages the remains of plants and animals have been stored in the earth and have become our source of coal, oil and natural gas. But these resources may last two - three centuries. These fossil fuels are limited and non-renewable in the next million years.

4. Man must not only convert these fossil fuels into usable energy. But he must also create and adapt energy from other sources. These sources known as renewable are: wind, water, the Sun, geothermal processes and nuclear fission. For example, man can convert solar energy

directly to electricity. Synthetic oil and gas can be produced from coal. These are the aims of today's technologies. Man's activity in this sphere offers hope for the future.

a) State which of the given sentences is the key sentence of the paragraphs.

Г 1. The world is not short of energy.

1. [2. Man's need is to convert sufficient amounts of energy into usable products.

J 1. The largest source of the energy flow is solar energy.

2. \ 2. Most solar energy is unused.

3.

4.

1. Through the ages the remains of plants and animals have been stored in the earth.

2. The fossil fuels are limited and non-renewable.

1 .Man must create and adapt energy from other sources.

2. The renewable sources are: wind, water, the Sun, geothermal processes, nuclear fission.

b) Name renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. Ex. 13 Choose the heading to each text.

Energy is life.

Energy		Energy
is potential.		is movement.

Energy isgeothermal.

1. This kind of energy can be stored for use, like water behind a dam (плотина). Then it can be transformed into kinetic energy - which is the energy of motion.

2. Nature provides someheat energy directlyfrom the earth's interior. Only small amounts are being used today, but drilling (making) more holes may increase this form of energy.

3. The human body is an efficient thermodynamic machine that converts fuel into useful work by oxidation. It is the flow of energy from cell (клетка) to cell that differinciates the living from the dead.

■

4. Heat is the movement of molecules. Electricity is the flow of electrons. Radiation is the movement of subatomic particles. Mechanical energy (or work) is the movement of masses.

Words to the text "OIL INDUSTRY"

1. major а главный, больший

a major road; the major part

крупная (ведущая) компания, лидер отрасли

oil major источник

Oil reserves are an important source of the growth of national economy.

уголь

Coal is a black or brown rnineral which can be burnt to give heat, торф

Peat is used by gardeners to make plants grow, поверхность the earth's surface

The submarine slowly rose to the surface, залежь, отложение, месторождение mineral deposits

There are rich deposits of gold in East Siberia, просачивание

Seepages are the result of slow oil movement through cracks

in the surface 1) встречаться, попадаться, 2) случаться, 3) залегать (геол.)

1. Misprints occur on every page.

2. The accident occurred last night.

3. Oil occurs deep under the surface.

1) случай, 2) местонахождение, 3) залегание (геол.)

1) The unfortunate occurrence has changed her life.

2) The occurrence of oil in this region should be proved, факел

The Olympic torch was delivered to Athens after travelling through all the continents, сырая нефть

Crude oil as it comes from the ground is not a usable product, скважина

A well is a deep hole in the ground from which oil is produced, бурить

to drill a hole in the wall; to drill for oil

13. depth n

14. foot n (pi. feet)

15. shallower

16. throughout

17. make up v

18. income и

19. power n

power v

20. fuel и

fuel v

21. commercial a

22. spread (spread) v 23 demand n

24. forecast v

глубина

The depth of the river here is about 3 meters, зд. фут

A foot is a measure of length which is equal to 30.5 cm. мелкий

to become shallow; shallow water; a shallow person

1. adv повсюду; на всем протяжении

2. prep через; по всему; в продолжение

1) The house was beautifully decorated throughout. We didn't enjoy the holiday because it rained throughout the day.

2) We were looking for the book throughout the house, составлять

Atoms make up molecules, доход

The money earned by the members of the family make up the family income.

сила, мощность, энергия

nuclear power; of high power; power station

At present time people can use solar or wind power, приводить в движение, питать энергией

The boat is powered by an outboard motor, топливо, горючее

Fuel is a material for producing heat or energy, e.g. wood, coal,

oil, uranium. заправлять(ся) топливом, питать

Her interest in the Spanish language was fueled by a visit to Spain.

Airplanes sometimes fuel while in the air. 1) коммерческий, 2) промышленный

1) commercial bank

2) commercial production of oil распространять (ся)

The fire spread from the factory to the houses nearby. 1)требование, 2) спрос

1) It's impossible to satisfy all the demands.

2) demand for goods прогнозировать, предсказывать

The government doesn't forecast the rise of inflation.

forecast я грогноз, предсказание

The weather forecast said it would be fine tomorrow.

25. hydrocarbon л углеводород

Hydrocarbon is a substance consisting of two elements: hydrogen and carbon.

26. consume v потреблять, расходовать

The country imports 50% of the oil it consumes, consumption n потребление, расход

a car with low fuel consumption

27. spanv схватывать

1. Tolstoy's life spanned almost the whole of the 19^th century.

2. Can you span an octave on the piano?

28. currently adv в настоящее время syn. at present,

presently He is currently working in Siberia.

29. seek (sought) v искать

He is going to Canada to seek his fortune.

30. be engaged in smth заниматься чем-либо

The scientist is engaged in experimental work.

31. solve v решать (проблему)

Mendeleyev solved the problem of oil separation.

32. dry а сухой

dry weather; dry heat; Don't put your shirt on until it is dry. dry (up) v сушить, зд. истощаться, заканчиваться

The river dries up during the hot summer. We hope water resources will never dry up.

33. refine v перерабатывать, очищать (нефть)

Oil must be refined before it can be used, refining n переработка

The most important processes in refining are distillation and cracking, refinery n нефтеперерабатывающий завод (НПЗ)- see Fig. 1

34. ever-increasing постоянно возрастающий

the ever-increasing problem of clean water

35. especially adv особенно

She loves animals, especially dogs.

Refinery

a

fire station workshop/store

settling pond I

liquefied petroleum gas storage

dispatch area

\ I \ steam cracker

dministration office

liquified gas petroleum treatment

j0C

Fig.1

36. raise v поднимать

If you want to ask a question raise your hand.

37. living standard n жизненный уровень

The living standard in the developed countries is higher than in the developing ones.

38. result in v приводить к чему-либо

The economic growth of the country resulted in higher living standard.

39. result from v происходить в результате

The progress in his study resulted from his hard work.

40. include v включать, содержать в себе ,

The space crew included one woman. \

41. shortage n нехватка, перебои в снабжении

Illness can be caused by vitamin shortage.

42. environment и 1) окружающая среда, 2) окружение

1. We need stronger laws to protect the environment.

2. to grow up in a happy environment

1. The Gubkin University aims to provide the finest environment for teaching, learning, research and innovation.

43. pollute v загрязнять

Some rivers are polluted with toxic materials from factories, pollution n загрязнение

Environmental pollution negatively influences man's health, pollutant а загрязняющее вещество

Carbon dioxide is a bad pollutant of the atmosphere.

Ex.14 Read the text and find: a) international words,

b) Participles and state their forms and functions.

OIL INDUSTRY

"Petroleum has been a fundamental driver in the industrial, commercial and political evolution of our society." (Petroleum in the 21^й Century. Oil & Gas Journal)

Energy is referred to as the basis of industrial civilization. Ancient people used wood as the major source of energy. Certain other energy sources, found only in localized areas, were also used in ancient times: asphalt, coal, and peat from surface deposits and oil in seepages from underground deposits. When occurred, these seepages were used for limited purposes - such as filling torches and heating homes. But the real exploitation of crude oil did not begin until the 19th century.

The international oil industry can name its birthday almost to the hour.

The date was Saturday August 27^th, 1859. On that day, at 12 noon, work stopped on a well being drilled by E.L. Drake at Titusville, a small Pennsylvanian town. The depth of the bore-hole at that moment was 69.5 ft. While inspected on the Monday morning, the well had 3 parts full of oil. This was the first well in the world that had been specifically and successfully drilled for oil production. In its shallow depth the international oil industry was born, and the way was opened for new concepts of living standards throughout the whole world.

It should be said, the economy of many nations is influenced by petroleum industry. In developed countries it provides jobs for a great many people. In certain developing but oil-rich countries, petroleum export makes up most of the national income. Petroleum is also a source of political power for such countries because many other nations depend on them for fuel.

Commercial oil production spread rapidly throughout the world as the worldwide demand for petroleum grew. Thus, the oil industry itself is more international than any other. Its operations span the globe. Oil is currently produced in nearly 50 countries in every continent and is being sought not only in those countries but also in others.

The main oil producers are the countries of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) as well as Russia, Norway, Mexico, Canada, and the USA.

People engaged in oil industry have to study and to solve a lot of problems connected with petroleum. Generally speaking, these are: how petroleum was formed millions of years ago under the land and the sea; how we learn where to look for it; how it is brought to the surface; if oil resources will ever dry up; how oil is transported all over the world to places where it is needed; how it is stored and refined to be usable.

The ever-increasing use of petroleum products, especially in developed countries, has helped raise the living standards of many people. But it has also resulted in some serious problems, which include the energy shortage and environmental pollution.

Ex.15 Form nouns using the suffix - age. Translate the new words.

seep (просачиваться) — seepage (просачивание)

store (хранить) —

short (недостаточный) —

acre (акр) —

cover (покрывать) —

link (соединять) —

per cent (процент) —

mile (миля) —

leak (просачиваться) —

Ex. 16 State the part of speech of the words of the same root and translate them.

1. deposit - to deposit - deposition;

2. power - powerful - powerless;

3. to pollute-pollution-pollutant;

4. to solve - solution - solvent - soluble - solubility,

5. to use-use-useful-useless-usefulness;

6. to increase-increase-increasingly;

7. to refine-refiner-refinery-refined;

8. to depend - dependence - dependent - dependency - independent;

9. to produce - producer - production - product - productive - productivity- producible;

10. to refer - reference - referable;

11. to occur - occurrence.

Ex. 17 Find synonyms to the following words and word combinations in the text

1. main

2. accumulation

3. subsurface

4. happen

5. aim

6. well(n)

7. idea

8. compose

9. to affect

10. at present

11. look for

12. to be involved in

13. lack

14. increase

15. to keep

Ex. 18 Find antonyms to the following words in the text.

1. subsurface

2. deep

3. developing countries

4. import

5. decrease

6. result fiom

7. exclude

8. to cool

9. modem

10. useless

11. loss

12. uncertain i

13.minor

14. failure

15. hide

Ex. 19 a) Find English equivalents in the text

1. энергия является основой

1. некоторые другие источники энергии

2. просачивание нефти на поверхность

3. с точностью почти до часа

4. глубина ствола скважины

5. целенаправленно пробурена

6. представление об уровне жизни

7. экономика многих стран

8. промышленная добыча нефти

9. спрос на нефть во всем мире

10. производители нефти

11. в общем говоря

12. чтобы быть пригодной к

b) Give Russian equivalents to the following:

1. surface deposits

2. oil production

3. living standard

4. to provide job

5. national income

6. oil-rich countries

7. to span the globe

8. currently

9. people engaged in industry

10. oil is brought to me surface

11. oil resources will dry up

12. especially

13. energy shortage

Petroleum Engineering

21

использованию

14. приводить к серьезным проблемам 14. fuel consumption

15. загрязнение окружающей среды 15. to forecast reserves

Remember, when measuring something the following words are used:
deep — глубокий	high — высокий
depth — глубина	height — высота
long—длинный	thick—толстый
length—длина	thickness—толщина
wide — широкий	to weigh — весить
width — ширина	weight — вес

Ex. 20 Fill in the blanks according to the model.

e. g. The depth of the well is 150 m (500 feet) or

The well is 150 m (500 feet) deep

1. a) The first modem well was only 21 m .

b) The of the first modern well was only 21 m.

2. a) Each drill pipe is about 9 m .

b) The of each drill pipe is more than 9 m.

3. a) The gas column is approximately 80 m in .

b) The gas column is approximately 80 m .

4. a) The Yamburg gas and gas condensate field on the Tazov Peninsula occupies the area of 170 km ... and 45 km . . . .

b)The . . . and . . . of the Yamburg gas and gas condensate field are 170 and 45 km respectively.

5. a) Electric welding (сварка) is used for welding heavy metal parts which . . . more than 300 tonnes.

b)The . . . of rotor shafts (вал) for electric generators is 350 tonnes.

6. a) The . . . of the formation reaches 30 m. b) The formation is 30 m ... .

E x. 22 Choose the proper word.

1. Different hydrocarbon fractions (make, make up) petroleum. Large resources of oil and gas (make, make up) a country powerful and politically independent.

2. A flow ofelectrons is an electric (currat, currently). (Current, Currently) oil is beingproduced all over the world. (Current, Currently) financial crisis is being held around the world.

3. Oil and gas are important (sources, resources) of fuel. Oil and gas are the major natural (sources, resources) of energy. Siberia is rich in mineral (sources, resources) such as: oil, gas, gold and

others.

4. The first (commercial, industrial) well was drilled in this region in 1980. Living standard in the developed (commercial, industrial) countries is high. (Industrial, commercial) nations should pay much attention to air pollution control.

5. The early wells were all drilled by the cable tool (ударно-канатное бурение) method in which a driller had to (raise, rise) and drop a heavy tool. Originally oil and gas (raise, rise) to the surface by means of reservoir pressure.

6. Oil industry has to (solve, decide) a lot of environmental problems. The engineers (solved, decided) to drill a well to the depth of 100 m.

Ex. 23 Translate the following sentences:

1. The method applied increased oil production.

2. The data referred to contained a lot of useful information.

3. The detailed analysis of the results obtained improved the well information.

4. The team already spoken of consists of a group of experienced geophysicists.

5. The colour of oil influenced by the components present in it may be different.

6. Drake's well followed by other commercial wells opened up the era of oil industry.

7. The questions answered at the conference touched upon the most important problems.

1. Members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries agreed to cut their oil production by 1 million b/d.

2. While considering the pipeline project, particular attention was given to the site selection for the pipeline construction.

8. The consumption ofhome heating oil has been affected by the slowdown in the economy.

9. Slightly lowered forecast of worldwide demand for oil was referred to at the conference.

10. Norwegian oil and gas production increasing, most companies expect a handsome income.

3. The State Oil Company currently has the largest hydrocarbon accumulation under active development and exploitation in the country.

4. Having used modem instrumentation and control system the refinery raised its production and lowered air pollution

11. These facts should be taken into consideration while selecting sites for horizontal drilling.

5. Facing the environmental problems the world's oil and gas industries had to learn how to find, drill, produce, transport and refine hydrocarbons safely.

12. A barrel of oil saved is essentially equivalent to a barrel of oil produced.

13. At least a third of all the energy consumed is used by industry.

14. Oil and gas producible and produced reserves should be analyzed.

15. The gas flow produced depended on the pressure in the reservoir.

6. Every oil producing country must have an energy policy mat forecasts oil supply for the future but meets current demand for oil.

16. Currently the area includes fine oil commercial deposits, two of which being developed now.

7. Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) will remain the dominant sources of energy used, the fastest -growing fuel being natural gas.

8. Taking into account that 80% of hydrocarbon resources are found in deposits that occur more than 3,000m deep, there exists a high probability that new oil gas deposits will be sought and discovered.

9. The discovery of commercial hydrocarbon accumulations followed by their exploitation resulted in raising living standards in the region.

17. One of the most important questions that must be answered is the future ofrenewable energies.

10. Oil and gas will remain essential to economic growth not only in the industrialized world but also in the developing nations seeking the ways to raise their living standards.

11. The data referred to indicated that the growth of renewable energy over the next 20-30 years would result from hydro and nuclear sources.

29. When united hydrocarbon molecules form larger molecules known as polymers.

30. When compared with others the Stratrjord field provides most of today's hydrocarbons from the Norwegian North Sea.

31. While making the atmospheric measurements the scientists paid attention to the increasing carbon dioxide concentrations.

32. If subjected to corrosion metals can be destroyed under its action.

3 3. Having collected all the information the researchers started the experimental work.

34. Having analyzed the properties of the new polymers the scientists recommended them for mass production.

35. Different molecules have different speeds, the average speed of all molecules remaining the same while the temperature is constant.

36. With the compressibility ofthe kerosene being known, the compressibility of the gas could be calculated.

37. Being started in time the preparations will be completed before the beginning of the test.

Ex. 24 Translate the sentences in writing. Use the words from the text "Oil Industry".

1. Энергия — основа промышленного развития.

2. Известно, что древние люди использовали в качестве топлива поверхностныезалежи угля и проявления нефти на поверхности.

3. Промышленная добыча нефти началась в 19 веке.

4. Первая промышленная скважина глубиной 69,5 футов была пробурена Дрейком в 1859г. в Пенсильвании.

5. Эта неглубокая скважина явилась началом развития мировой нефтяной промышленности.

6. Экономика и жизненный уровень многих стран зависят от нефтяной промышленности.

7. Как в развивающихся, так и в развитых странах нефтяная промышленность обеспечивает рабочие места, составляя значительную часть национального дохода.

8. Следует сказать, что мировой спрос на углеводороды растет из года в год.

9. В настоящее время нефть добывают на всех континентах.

10. Основными производителями нефти являются страны OPEC, Россия, Норвегия и некоторые др.

11. Нефтяной промышленности приходится решать много проблем, связанных с разведкой и разработкой нефтяных месторождений.

12. Важно знать, как и где миллионы лет назад образовалась нефть.

13. Ученые должны спрогнозировать запасы нефти данного региона.

14. Постоянно растущий спрос на нефтепродукты может привести к перебоям в энергоснабжении и загрязнению окружающей среды. .••

Ex. 25 Say it in one word.

The words below will help you.

1. slow leaking through

g

2. to collect and keep for future use

3. deficiency or condition of not having enough

4. money received during a given period; interest from investment

5. a hole drilled for mineral oil

1

6. a

   1

   material for producing heat or energy

7. a layer of solid matter often buried in the earth

8. to free from other substances

9. t о make a hole in hard substances

10. to say what may happen

11. of little depth

i !

12. anything or place from which something comes oris obtained

t

13. wish by people ready to buy, use something

14. to lay or put down

[source(/i) deposit(/i), seepage(n), income(n), deposit(v), refine(v), drill(v), well(rt), shallow(ac/), forecast(v), store(v), fuel(n), demand(n), shortage^)].

Ex. 26 Read the paragraphs and arrange them in their logical order.

1. By 1880 the area around Baku on the Caspian Sea was producing much oil for Europe, and for the next 30 years the Rothschilds and the Nobels controlled Russian production.

2. The 60s of the last century are characterized by the exploration and development of the West Siberian resources. The Siberian giants, such as for example Samotlor oil field, were discovered and became the main oil producers. And gradually oil industry moved to the North and East of the country.

3. Russia's oil industry dates back to the 19^th century. Oil seeps, particularly in the Caucasus regions, have been known for many years. Marco Polo reported seeing camel caravans carrying oil from Baku on the Caspian Sea in 1273 AD.

4. Until World War II the bulk of Russian production came from the Caucasus area. However, the Volga-Ural regions, which began producing in the 1930s, have rapidly surpassed the Baku fields. The new area, often called the "Second Baku", stretches from Volgograd to Perm. Production is piped through a large crude-oil network.

5. With the beginning of commercial oil production Russia was the first European country to feel the influence of oil development. While John D. Rockefeller and Standard oil were planting the roots of the petroleum business in the United States—two of Europe's most famous merchant families, the Rothschilds and the Nobels, won petroleum concessions in Imperial Russia.

6. By 1900 Russia was producing 75 mln bbl of oil from 1,700 wells (average depth 1,000 ft) on a 4-sq mile area on the Apsheron peninsula near Baku. At that time it made more than half the world's oil production. But oil production dropped severely following World War I and the subsequent civil war and revolution. Oil production began to rise in the 1930s, then decreased again during World War П.

Ex. 27 Read the sentences expressing the basic (key) idea of each paragraph of the text "Oil Industry". Develop the idea of each sentence using the text.

1. The real exploitation of crude oil began in the 19^th century.

2. The international oil industry was bom in 1859.

3. The economy of many nations is influenced by petroleum industry.

4. Oil is currently produced in every continent

5. Oil industry has to solve a lot of problems.

Ex. 28 Render the text into English.

Развитие современной цивилизации немыслимо без нефти и газа - одного из важнейших топливно-энергетических ресурсов. Наличие запасов нефти и газа во многом определяет политико-экономическоеположение государств в мире. Интенсивное освоение нефтегазовых ресурсов предопределило создание гигантской нефтегазовой высокотехнологической индустрии, которая обеспечивает рабочие места для миллионов рабочих, инженеров и ученых.

В разных странах, в том числе и в России, называют разные даты начала промышленной нефтедобычи в своей стране. Применительно к общемировой добыче многие называют

1859 г. годом рождения мировой нефтяной индустрии. В августе 1859 г. Эдвин Дрейк пробурил 1-ую промышленную скважину в Пенсильвании, в США. Приблизительно в это же время зародилась российская нефтяная промышленность.

Ex. 29 Speak on:

1. Energy resources.

2. Development of the world oil industry.

3. Petroleum industry in Russia.

Ex. 30 Think of 5 -7 reasons for studying a foreign language.

_{UNIT 2}

Text

Grammar: Grammar Revision:

Oil Business

The Infinitive and the Infinitive Constructions