1. Different Functions of the Verb "to be" and the Word "one".

1. The Impersonal Structures.

Ex. 1 Read the following international words and word combinations and give their Russian equivalents.

[

a) expert irriramize identify sulphur nitrogen

'ekspsrt]

['minimaiz]

[ai'dentifai]

['sAlfa]

['naitrid3an]

b) business activity geophysical method geological information potential accumulation organic theory porous formation efficient conversion seismic technique accurate information

migration [mai'greijan]

reservoir ['rezsvwa:]

barge [ba:cfe]

barrel ['bsral]

prime [praim]

['biznis aek'tiviti] [,c&i:3'fizikl 'meGsd] ['с^1э'Ь(^1к(э)1 ,inlVmeiran] ['pa'tenfgl s^kjumju'leijsn] [o:'gsenik 'Gian] ['p3:ras fo:'meiJan] [Tfijarit кэп'уэ:Гэп] ['saizmik tek'ni:k] ['ffikjunt ,inf9'meij3n]

Petroleum Engineering

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Ex. 2 Translate the following word groups.

a) interpretation system—system interpretation field data—data field

formation water—water formation model development—development model equipment operation—operation equipment

b) oilfield

oil field production

oil field production operations

oil field production operations cost

c) gas pipeline

gas pipeline construction

gas pipeline construction patent

d) engineering materials engineering materials property engineering materials property data engineering materials property data base engineering materials property data base programme

Ex.3 a) Translate the sentences. Mind the different functions of the verb «to be».

1. There are different forms of energy.

2. The main aim of the industry is to convert natural substances into usable products.

3. Solar radiation is an unlimited source of energy.

4. Renewable sources of energy are of great importance for future generations.

5. Potential energy can be transformed into kinetic energy.

6. Only small amounts of heat energy are being used today.

7. New oilfields in the North regions are to be developed.

8. New synthetic materials are in wide use nowadays.

9. The information received is of no interest.

10. There has been dynamic change in the software companies.

b) Translate the text, using the verb «to be».

Нефтяная промышленность имеет большое значение в экономике любой страны. Нефть залегает глубоко под землей. Задача нефтяников заключаетсяв том, чтобы найти и извлечь ее на поверхность. Существуют различные методы добычи'нефти. Сейчас широко используется роторный метод бурения скважин. Новые технологии должны быть разработаны для работы в трудных климатических условиях.

Ex. 4 Translate the sentences. Mind the underlined words.

1. as (союз) — по мере того как, когда, так как, как.

2. as early as + дата — уже, только

as late as + дата — уже, только ' as low as as much as

as many as + величина — (вплоть) до as high as _ь as wide as

as soon as — как только

as a matter of fact — фактически, на самом деле

as well as — так же, как

as well — также, тоже

as to — что касается

as follows — следующим образом

as (предлог) — в качестве

as ... as(not so ... as) — такой же... как (не такой ... как)

1. The term «crude oil» refers to oil as it comes out of the well.

2. As the popularity of kerosene increased/ people looked for new ways to produce it.

3. As early as the 1800s. Canadians began to use oil as_the source of lighting.

4. About 13 per cent of petroleum fractions serve as raw materials in manufacturing of various petrochemicals.

5. Europe, including the Asian part of Russia, has as much as 7 per cent of the world's oil supply. As to Russia it possesses the largest reserves in the region.

6. Pipelines are to transport oil as well as its products.

7. As the population grows the demand for oil rises as well.

8. The formula of water can be written as follows: H₂Q.

9. As soon as an oil accumulation is discovered, drilling operations begin.

10. As a matter of fact in a new field oil usually flows to the surface by itself.

11. The new distillation equipment is to produce as many petroleum fractions as possible.

12. The diameter of the pipe can be as large as 1.420m.

13. As soon as oil comes to the surface, the pressure in the well must be controled.

Ex. 5 Translate the sentences. Mind the different functions of the word «one».

1. One can easily solve this problem.

2. The oil field consists of several zones, each zone occupies one third of the main field.

3. The mineral, like the one just described, is of great interest for geologists.

4. One knows that the economy of many countries depends on natural resources of these countries.

5. Renewable sources of energy are known as unlimited ones.

6. The one-stage process was tested at the refinery.

7. The forecast for gas industry is a bright one.

8. One must be careful when working with electric equipment.

9. One should say that we must look to our past to see the future.

Ex. 6 Translate the Impersonal Structures and complete the sentences.

a) One should remember that... One can understand that... One must know that... One has to show that... One knows that...

One believes that...

b) It is necessary to mention that...

It is important to remember that... It is difficult to understand that... It is possible to show... It was easy to calculate... It is interesting to note that...

c) It is expected that...

It has been found that...

It was shown that...

It should be demonstrated that...

It can be mentioned that...

It is to be known that...

Ex.7 Translate the sentences using the impersonal structures.

1. Известно, что нефть образуется под землей.

2. Считается, что экономика страны зависит от ее энергетических ресурсов.

3. Можно сказать, что XXI век - это век альтернативных источников энергии.

4. Установлено, что первая промышленная скважина была глубиной 69,5 футов.

5. Интересно отметить, что более 50 стран являются производителями нефти.

6. Следует помнить, что нефтегазовая промышленность обеспечивает работой миллионы людей во всем мире.

7. Раньше считали, что запасы нефти неистощимы.

8. Важно отметить, что энергия - основа развития современной цивилизации.

9. Нужно сказать, что экономика многих стран зависит от нефтяной промышленности.

Инфинитив и инфинитивные конструкции (The Infinitive and the Infinitive Constructions)

Формы инфинитива

	Active	Passive
Irxdefinite	todrill	be drilled
Continuous	to be drilling	—
Perfect	to have drilled	to have been drilled
Perfect Continuous	to have been drilling	—

Функции инфинитива в предложении

1. Подлежащее

То explain this fact is not so easy. Объяснить этот факт не так уж просто, или

Объяснение этого факта не такое уж простое.

2. Обстоятельство

а) пели

(In order) То conduct this experiment the researchers used new equipment. Для того, чтобы провести этот эксперимент (Для проведения этого эксперимента) исследователи использовали новое оборудование.

б) следствия

Molecules are too small to be seen with the most powerful microscope. Молекулы слишком малы для того, чтобы их можно было увидеть даже в самый сильный микроскоп.

Молекулы слишком малы, поэтому их нельзя увидеть даже в самый сильный микроскоп. Molecules are not large enough to be seen with the most powerful microscope. Молекулы недостаточно велики, чтобы их можно было увидеть.... Молекулы недостаточно велики и их нельзя увидеть даже в самый ...

3. Определение

Drake was the first to drill a commercial well.

Дрейк первым пробурил промышленную скважину. ■

We observed the experiment to be described later.

Мы наблюдали за экспериментом, который будет (должен быть) описан позже.,

Неге is the information to be referred to.

Вот информация, на которую следует (будут) ссылаться.

4. Часть составного сказуемого

The aim of this experiment is to produce a new material.

Цель данного эксперимента заключается в том, чтобы получить новый материал.

(Цель данного эксперимента - получить . . . , получение . . . . )

New sources of energy are to be found.

Новые источники энергии должны быть найдены.

Ex. 8 State the functions of the Jjifinitive in the following sentences. Translate the sentences.

1. To move oil from the place of production to the place of consumption is of prime importance.

2. To move oil from the oil field a new pipeline should be constructed.

3. The pipeline to transport oil from the place of production to the place of consumption is under construction.

4. The problem is to forecast how much water will be produced.

5. The people in the oil industry have to be broadly knowledgeable to find and to apply new technologies.

6. To be usable oil must be refined.

7. The effect is too small to be detected.

8. The most important parameter to be examined is the rock porosity of the formation.

9. To raise the field production is to increase the volume of oil to be transported.

10. To prevent energy shortage scientists are experimenting with different sources of energy.

11. The new discoveries to be spoken of were made in this field.

Конструкция "Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом" (The Complex Object Construction)

We know oilmen (them) to use rotary drilling

Мы знаем, что нефтяники (они) применяют роторное бурение.

We know the oilmen (them) to be using rotary drilling at the given moment. Мы знаем, что нефтяники (они) в данный момент применяют роторное бурение.

We know the oilmen (them") to have already used new rotary drilling equipment. Мы знаем, что нефтяники (они) уже использовали новое оборудование для роторного бурения.

We know rotary drilling (it) to be used all over the world. Мы знаем, что во всем мире применяют роторное бурение (его).

We know rotary drilling (it) to have been used in this oil field.

Мы знаем, что роторное бурение (оно) применялось на этом нефтяном месторождении.

II We saw the workers (them) drill the well. Мы видели, что рабочие (они) бурят скважину.