34. pump n

35. artificial a syn. man-made

36. means n

37. Pipeline//

фонтанирование скважины течь, протекать

The river flows between the high banks, насос

Pumps are used to force water from a well, искусственный

artificial isotopes, flowers средство(а)

The quickest means of travel is by plane, трубопровод

Oil is transported by pipelines.

Ex. 15 Read the text, find Infinitives and state their forms and functions.

Oil Business Parti

Do you know that nowadays speaking about all the activities connected with oil and gas business the petroleum experts use three terms: upstream, midstream and downstream.

Upstream

_I

Midstream

_I

Downstream

oil and gas exploration, drilling and production transportation, storage, gas processing

refining, distribution, marketing

To start the story of oil business one should know something about the origin of petroleum.

Most geologists believe that oil is of organic origin, i.e. (that is), it originated from decomposition of mainly marine animals and plants buried under thick layers of mud perhaps as long as 400 - 500 million years ago. These deposits rich in organic material became the source rocks (sedimentary rocks) for the generation of crude oil. High temperatures and pressures in the sedimentary rocks caused chemical processes that, in turn, resulted in the formation of a waxy substance called kerogen. When heated to a temperature above 100° С kerogen is separated into a liquid (oil) and gas (natural gas). The chemical composition of petroleum is principally hydrocarbons, although a few sulphur-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-containing compounds are usually present.

To look for and to find petroleum is the art of exploration. According to the theories of petroleum origin sedimentary basins are a prime aim for the oil hunters. In general, to form oil and gas pools the following conditions must be fulfilled. First, the presence of a "source rock" which geologic history

allowed the formation of oil. Second, migration of the oil from the source rock to a «reservoir rock» that is thick, permeable and porous enough to hold a sizable accumulation of oil. TTurd, entrapment. Waters and pressure of overlying layers pushed oil upward until it reached an impermeable layer of rock called a cap rock. A cap rock stops further migration of oil and oil is thus trapped in a reservoir. It is from these reservoirs that people began extracting oil and gas millions of years later.

It should be noted that successful exploration is based on an accurate interpretation of the infonnation to be provided by geological and geophysical surveys. Seismic prospecting rmmrnizes exploration risk and reduces finding costs. Using complicated tools geologists identify potential traps for oil and gas.

Drilling can prove the presence of oil after the geologists and geophysicists have found a favourable location for the accumulation of oil. All wells drilled to discover oil and gas accumulations are "exploratory wells", commonly referred to as "wildcats". A successful wildcat is a "discovery well", while an unsuccessful one is a "dry hole".

After oil has been discovered the first wells to be drilled to establish the limits of the field are "appraisal wells". All subsequent wells are "development wells". To determine the reservoir and oil properties geophysical investigations (logging) are to be conducted in the wells. If the first wells "prove" an oilfield, the data from them are used in drawing up plans for the commercial development of the field.

Part II

Once oil is found it must be extracted. After the drilling site has been prepared the rig is to be constructed. The rig is known to consist of surface equipment and a derrick which houses drilling tools. The derrick is used to lift sections of pipe which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. To get oil and gas out of the ground is not easy.

Sophisticated techniques and equipment must be used to extract the most out of every oil and gas deposit. Experts consider oil recovery to depend in much on natural pressure. Under natural pressure oil flows freely and it is called the natural flow. It is the most economic period of a well life. If oil wells have too little energy to produce oil efficiently, additional energy must be supplied by pumps or other artificial means.

Cmde oil must be transported from the fields where it is produced to the places where it is consumed. Pipelines are likely to be the main means of oil transportation. But tankers, barges, tank trucks, and railroad tank cars are thought to be of no less importance. The latest discoveries of welding methods, construction practices and new materials have extended pipeline transportation into harsh environments and deep waters. All the means of transportation carry oil from wells to storage tanks or directly to refineries. Pipelines also carry petroleum products from refineries to markets. Some of the largest pipelines are to carry more than a million barrels of oil daily.

The basic job of a refinery is to convert petroleum into useful products. As mentioned above, crude oil consists chiefly of hydrocarbons. Refineries are to separate oil into various hydrocarbon groups, or fractions, distillation being the first step of refining. The fractions are then chemically changed and treated with other substances. The refining processes may be classified as separation, conversion and chemical treatment. The latest improvements in refining may be said to have saved billions ofbarrels of crude.

Distribution and marketing appear to be the final links in the petroleum industry chain that begins hundreds of meters below the ground and ends in your home.

Ex.16 Translate the pairs of words. Mind the negative prefixes de-, dis-; ^unS non-, ir-, in-, im-, il-.

composition—decomposition to form—to deform to color—to decolorize to prove—to disprove to appear—to disappear ability—disability successful—unsuccessful favourable—unfavourable broken—unbroken homogeneous—non-homogeneous porous—non-porous

regular—irregular rational—irrational responsible—irresponsible organic—inorganic accurate—inaccurate human—inhuman possible—impossible permeable—impermeable moral—immoral logical—illogical legal—illegal

corrosive—non-corrosive Ex. 17 Find synonyms to the following words and word combinations in the text.

1. prospecting п

2. oil explorer

3. keep

4. come from

5. bed

6. oil accumulation

7. investigation

8. geophysical investigation in the well

9. instrument

10. exploratory well

11. place n

12. produce

13. man-made

14. enlarge

Ex.18 a) Find English equivalents in the text.

1. специалисты нефтегазового профиля

2. еще млн. лет назад

3. в свою очередь

4. воскообразные вещества

5. разведчики недр

6. значительные скопления

7. вышележащие пласты

8. снижать стоимость поисково-разведочных работ

9. разведочная скважина, пробуренная без предварительной съемки Ю.составлять план промышленной разработки месторождения

11.буровая площадка

12. с ложные методы

13.во многом зависеть от

14,естественное давление

15.фонтанирование

1б.срок эксплуатации скважины

17.возможности транспортировки по трубопроводу

18. резервуары для хранения нефти

19. последние звенья

b) Give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

1. downstream

2. source rock

3. sulphur containing compounds

4. to fulfill the following conditions

5. permeable and porous rocks

6. to be trapped in a reservoir

7. well logging

8. cap rock

9. a derrick

10. a development well

11. welding methods

12. pipeline transportation

13. refining processes

14. final links

Ex.19 Translate the following word combinations. Pay attention to different meanings

of the given verbs.

1. t

   a problem a substance a method an oil field

   o treat

2. to develop

— economy 3. to produce —oil

—metals —electricity —films

4. to recover

5. to process

6. to survey

• oil

• pressure

• data

• gas

—the situation

• an area

• a well

Ex. 20 Change the word combinations according to the model. Translate both versions.

e. g. the conditions of a well - well conditions

1. exploration for oil

2. the layer of mud

3. the investigation in the exploratory well

4. chemical treatment of oil

5. the discovery of an oil field

6. the storage of gas

7. the analysis of the petroleum industry chain

8. a newly developed method of welding

Ex. 21 Make up the sentences combining the group of words from the left and right columns.

1. Theobjectiveofawelllogging

2. The aim of prospecting

1. prove the presence of oil.

2. carry oil from wells to

3. The purpose of drilling

storage tanks or refineries. 3. determine the reservoir and oil

4. The function of pumps

IS TO

properties. 4. convert petroleum into useful

5. The function ofpipelines

6. The basic job of a refinery

products.

5. find hydrocarbon accumulations.

6. provide additional energy for oil

recovery.

1. The knowledge of oil origin

2. Petroleum sedimentary basins

1. no less importance than pipelines.

2. economic value in reducing

3. Tankers, barges, tank trucks

IS (ARE) OF

rinding costs. 3. great importance for petroleum

4. Seismic respecting

5. Sophisticated techniques

geologists.

4. great use at the refineries.

5. prime interest for the oil hunters.

and equipment

Ex. 22 Say the following in one word. The words below will help you.

1. the lateral or vertical movement of water, oil or gas through the pores within the reservoir rock.

2. adistmct^generaUyparallelbedofrock.

3. a reservoir rock capped by an impermeable formation, where oil is usually found.

4. the capacity of rocks to pass fluids.

5. the framed tower over the bore-hole of an oil well.

6. any well that doesn't produce oil or gas in commercial quantity.

7. the derrick and surface equipment of a drilling unit.

8. the exploration and production sector of petroleum industry.

9. an area where oil is found.

10. a well drilled in a stracture or location without sufficient geological data.

11. to process a material for making it usable.

12. the standard unit of measurement of liquids in the petroleum industry.

13. a plant for manufacturing finished or semi-finished products from crude petroleum.

14. the refining and marketing sector of the petroleum industry.

(Barrel, downstream, dry hole, derrick, trap, layer, migration, oil field, permeability, refinery, rig, treat, upstream, wildcat.)

Ex. 23 Translate the sentences, a)

1. To recognize the presence of oil in the formation it is necessary to use various exploration techniques such as mapping and different types of surveying.

2. To look for and find petroleum the knowledge of such sciences as geology, physics, chemistry, mathematics and some others should be applied.

3. To make geophysical surveying geophysicists use complicated tools not only on land, but in the air as well.

4. Now oil is found not only on land, but in the sea. To produce oil from offshore (морские) fields special platforms of different types are to be constructed.

5. To recover more oil from existing formations and traps oil companies are turning to sophisticated secondary and tertiary (третичный) techniques.

6. We need oil to power our factories, to run our cars, ships, aircrafts and railways, to heat and light our homes and offices - its uses are innumerable.

7. To satisfy pipeline economy steel for pipelines should possess strength properties and the pipe should have optimal geometry.

8. To transport oil from oil fields to consumers one can use pipelines, tankers, barges, tank trucks and railroad tank cars.

9. To satisfy the growth in energy consumption renewable sources of energy should be developed, b)

1. Чтобы доказать присутствие нефти, необходимо провести разведочное бурение.

2. Чтобы пробурить скважину, нужно установить вышку с необходимым буровым оборудованием.

3. Чтобы экспортировать нефть и газ, нужна широкая сеть трубопроводов.

4. Чтобы получить различные виды топлива, нефть отправляют на перерабатывающие заводы.

5. Чтобы найти оптимальное решение при сооружении современных трубопроводов, необходимо сотрудничество проектировщиков, нефтедобывающих фирм (operators), подрядчиков по прокладке трубопроводов (laying contractors), а также производителей труб.

6. Чтобы значительно уменьшить стоимость трубопроводов, следует использовать современные материалы.

7. Чтобы сооружать морские (offshore) трубопроводы, требуются очень сложные меха­низмы и оборудование.

8. Можно сказать, что нефтехимическая промышленность возникла, во время второй мировой войны, чтобы производить синтетическую резину (rubber) для шин (tires).

с) Answer the questions. Use the mfinitive.

1. What conditions must be fulfilled to form oil and gas pools?

2. What must be done to prove the presence of oil?

3. What must be constructed over the well to extract hydrocarbons from the underground?

4. What means of transportation can be used to carry oil from the place of production?

5. Where is oil sent to be separated into various fractions?

Ex. 24 Translate the sentences. Mind the mfinitives..

1. At the very beginning this method was too expensive to be used as a production tool.

2. To remove sulphur from petroleum feedstock is of great importance in refining.

3. A model to predict the change of octane numbers expected in naphtha hydrotreating process is presented.

4. Pipelines are reported to have been protected from the corrosion attack by a system of protective coatings and cathodic protection.

5. To avoid external corrosion the pipeline was coated with asphalt-containing material.

6. To avoid external corrosion is to prolong the life of a pipe 1 ine.

7. Eight areas of the region are considered by the geologists to have the best potential for additional discovery of oil, gas, and helium.

8. The experts reported the reservoir rocks to have been identified in the Paleozoic formations.

9. The purpose of the company is to finance and construct a refinery. The government has supported this refinery proj ect to reduce the country's dependence on foreign petroleum products. The refinery to be built will provide its own power, generating 3.5 Mw.

10. People engaged in petroleum industry believe energy to continue to fuel Russia's as well as the world's economic growth.

11. The rig was to be moved a mile from the discovery well to the appraisal well.

12. The 86 mile pipeline to transport as much as 330 MMcfd of gas will originate in 5,300 ft of water at Red Hawk field.

13. Russia's crude oil output is expected to reach as much as 335-400 million tonnes (6.7 -6.8 million b/d).

14. One can use numerical models to calculate permeability, porosity, and other quantities.

15. A corrosion-control program doesn't seem to be a big problem for natural gas pipelines.

16. The pipeline inspection program is a very good program to find time-dependent defects, such as corrosion. But this program doesn't appear to improve pipeline quality to any significant degree.

17. Geologists suppose the similar systems to form good source rock reservoirs in the deepwater frontier.

18. Shallow marine sands are likely to be the most productive reservoir rocks, these rocks having excellent porosity and permeability.

19. To estimate the petroleum potential of several deepwater sedimentary basins one should apply

geophysical data processing. 20. Drillers and derrickmen consider a new generation of rigs to include programmable systems to achieve more efficient, safe and precise equipment control.

Ex. 25 Translate the sentences in writing. Use the words from the text "Oil Business".

1. Большинство геологов полагают, что нефть происходит из органических остатков морских животных и растений.

2. Температура и давление должны быть достаточно высокими, чтобы превратить остатки морских животных в органическое вещество.

3. Установлено, что химический состав нефти представляет собой сложную смесь углеводородов.

4. Чтобы найти потенциальные залежи углеводородов, геологи используют комплекс геологических и геофизических методов.

5. Известно, что в пористых породах нефть проходит большие расстояния от материнских пород до пород-коллекторов.

6. Подсчитано, что почти 60% крупныхнефтяных месторождений находятся в осадочных бассейнах.

7. Для правильного определения места бурения скважин необходимо провести геологическую и геофизическую съёмку местности.

8. Пробурить скважину — значит получить наиболее полную информацию о наличии углеводородов.

9. Каротажные работы проводятся в скважине для того, чтобы определить физические свойства пород и нефти.

10. Оборудование, которое применяется при бурении скважин, состоит из наземного оборудования и вышки, в которой находится колонна бурильных труб (a drilling string).

11. Нефтяники считают, что добыча нефти зависит от пластового давления.

12. Если пластовое давление недостаточно для подъёма нефти на поверхность, то применяются различные реагенты.

13. Чтобы доставить нефть с места добычи к месту потребления, используются различные виды транспортировки.

14. Средства транспортировки, которые могут доставлять УВ в нефтехранилища или непосредственно на НПЗ, как известно, включают в себя трубопроводы, танкеры, баржи.

15. Для контроля за правильной эксплуатацией трубопровода испопьзуются различные автоматизированные системы.

16. Чтобы сырая нефть стала полезным продуктом, она подвергается переработке на НПЗ.

17. Переработка нефти подразумевает разделение УВ на фракции, изменение одного вещества в другое и химическую обработку.

18. Считают, что первичные, отрасли нефтяного бизнеса включают в себя разведочно-поисковые работы, буровые операции и добычу.

19. По-видимому, вторичные отрасли нефтяного бизнеса охватывают транспортировку УВ, хранение УВ и переработку газа.

20. Можно сказать, что отраслями, завершающими комплекс нефтегазового дела, являются переработка нефти и маркетинг.

Ex. 26 Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give your reasoning. Use the introductory phrases from ex. 11 Unit 1.

1. Most geologists consider oil to be of inorganic origin.

2. Petroleum consists principally of two elements: hydrogen and carbon.

3. A source rock is the place where oil is generated.

4. Drilling cannot prove the presence of oil in the formation.

5. Well logging gives a true picture of the subsurface.

6. The first wells to be drilled in the field are development wells.

7. Under normal pressure in the formation oil flows freely to the surface.

8. Pipelines are unlikely to be the main means of oil transportation.

9. The basic job of a refinery is to convert petroleum into useful products.

10. Porosity and permeability of rocks are the main physical characteristics of a reservoir rock.

Ex. 27 Choose the connectors from В to join the sentences from A and C.

A		В		С
1.	Successful exploration is based			1.	Only drilling can prove the
	on geological and geophysical				presence of oil.
	information.
2.	Most geologists believe oil to			2.	It originates from decomposition
	be of organic origin.				of marine animals and plants.
3.	The chemical composition of			3.	A few sulphur-, nitrogen-, and
	petroleum is principally				oxygen- containing compounds
	hydrocarbons.	and			are also present.
4.	Sedimentary basins are a prime	although		4.	Sedimentary rocks are porous
	aim for the oil hunters.	while			and permeable to hold
		so			hydrocarbons.
5.	A cap rock is an impermeable	as		5.	It stops migration of oil in a
	layer.	but			reservoir.
6.	A successful wildcat is a	however		6.	An unsuccessful one is a dry
	discovery well.	then			hole.
7.	To get oil and gas out of the	because		7.	Sophisticated techniques and
	ground is not easy.				equipment must be used.
8.	The natural oil flow stops.			8.	Artificial means of oil
					recovery are to be used.
9.	Pipelines are the main means of			9.	Tankers, barges and others are
	oil transportation.				of no less importance.
10. Oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.				10.	Refineries are to separate oil
•					into various hydrocarbon fractions.

Ex. 28 Fill in the following diagram.

Oil Business

Ex. 29 Speak on: 1) upstream 2) midstream 3) downstream operations.

Ex. 30 Render the text "Oil Business" in English using the following expressions:

1. The text is about...

2. The text (paper) starts with...

3. The main idea of the text is to...

4. It should be noted (said) that...

5. The author describes (shows)...

6. The text holds (goes) that...

7. In conclusion...

Ex. 31 Translate in writing. Use a dictionary.

Finding oil and getting its products to market have intrigued us for about 150 years. The search, however, was not always as high-tech as it is now. Our industry began, of course, with Col. Drake and his famous well in 1859. The first wells were drilled near oil seeps because, obviously, oil was there. But after the oil seeps were covered, new methods of finding it had to be found. Some of the early "science" is worth looking at.

"Creekology"

One of the first theories was that underground pools of oil ran parallel to creeks and rivers and that drilling in creek beds would yield the prize. I think they called this «creekology». This theory led to Oil Creek and the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania (along with every stream leading into them) to be lined with operators. It was a very popular and successful method until one day in the late 1860s when Pennsylvania suffered very heavy rains and the industry was flushed away. Survivors began checking higher ground for oil.

Oil was everywhere and sometimes could be found by accident. One day, a fire broke out in the kitchen of a boarding house in a small oil-area town. Buckets of water were quickly brought from the nearest well. But the fire wasn't going out. In fact, the water seemed to be feeding the fire. The well was found to have several inches of oil in it. Water was brought from other wells nearby, but with the same result. This story is related in "Oil Region Reminiscences", published in 1907. It doesn't give us the fate of the boarding house but does say that the town's residents were quite happy to find oil seeping into the water wells. All of them were scooping and bailing oil and dreaming of what to do with all the money they would be making. And then the pipeline company fixed the leak in its line that ran over the hill behind town.

(Oil and Gas Journal)

Ex. 32 Think of 5-7 spheres of life where oil can be used. Give your reasoning.

_UNIT3

Text:

Grammar: Grammar Revision:

Natural Gas The Gerund

The Emphatic Constructions

Ex.l

Read the following international words and word combinations and give their Russian equivalents:

hydrocarbon reserve associated gas decade

essential condition optimal design petrochemical industry modem technique compressed gas phase cryogenic

['haidrou'kaiban ri'za:v] [s'soufieitid gass] ['dekeid]

[I'senfal ksn'dijsn] ['optimal di'zain] ['petrD'kemikal'indsstnj ['modan tek'ni:k] [kam'prest gaes feiz] ['krais'cfcenik]

Ex. 2 Read the following pairs of words. Mind their different pronounciation.

graduate (from) v—заканчивать вуз ['grsdjueit]

associate v — соединять, связывать [g'soujieit]

aggregate v — соединять ['sgngeit]

advocate v— защищать ['aedvakeit]

separate v — разделять ['sepsreit]

graduate n — выпускник ['grsdjuit]

associate n — компаньон [a'soujnt]

aggregate n — совокупность ['aegrigit]

advocate n — защитник ['sdvakit]

separate a — отдельный ['sepsnt]

Ex. 3 Make up the sentences. Mind the word order.

1. Study, is, results, a, of, made, the.

2. In, production, well logging, increased, results.

3. The, found, shows, oil, surface, on, geologists.

4. Shows, the, conditions, the, subsurface, survey.

5. Cap, a, impermeable, oil, in, rocks, reservoir.

6. Occupies, in, gas, the, part, cap, upper, reservoir, a.

Ex. 4 Translate the sentences. Mind the Emphatic Constructions "it is.... that (who, which)" and "it is not until.... that".

1. It was D.LMendeleyev who published the paper on the inorganic theory of the origin of petroleum in 1879.

2. It was not until the first giant gas accumulations were found in Siberia that the growth of gas industry began.

1. It is the natural gas that is considered to be the most promising energy source.

2. It was in the Kola Peninsula where the first superdeep well was drilled.

3. It was not until the end of the last century that such large companies as "Lukoii", "Yukos", and others were formed.

	Герундий
	(The Gerund)
	Формы герундия
	Active	Passive
Indefinite	drilling	being drilled
Perfect	having drilled	having been drilled

Функции герундия в предложении

1. Подлежащее

Drilling a well is an expensive operation.

Бурение скважины является дорогостоящей операцией.

Пробурить скважину - дорогостоящая операция.

2. Дополнение

а) прямое

The operators stopped drilling the well at the depth of 1,500 m.

Операторы прекратили бурение (бурить) скважину на глубине 1,500 м.

б) с предлогом

The contractors were interested in drilling a well in this area.

Подрядчики были заинтересованы в том, чтобы пробурить скважину на этой территории.

3. Обстоятельство

В данной функции перед герундием употребляется предлог.

Geologists discovered the presence of oil without drilling a well.

Геологи обнаружили присутствие нефти, не разбуривая скважину (без бурения).

In drilling hard rocks diamond bits arc used.

При бурении твердых пород используются алмазные долота.

4. Определение

В данной функции перед герундием употребляется предлог of (for).

A new method of drilling—turbodrilling—was developed by the Russian engineer Kapelushnikov. Новый метод бурения — турбобурение — разработан русским инженером Капелюшниковым.

Герундиальные конструкции (The Gerundial Constructions)

1. существительное в притяжательном надеже
2. существительное в общем падеже	+ герундий
3. притяжательное местоимение

J.Alferov's being awarded the Nobel prize in physics is a great achievement of Russian science. To, что Ж.Алферов награжден Нобелевской премией в области физики, является большим достижением российской науки.

J.Alferov is a great Russian physicist/ Everybody knows of his (Alferov) having been awarded the Nobel prize.

Ж.Алферов — крупнейший российский физик. Все знают о том, что он награжден Нобелевской премией.

Герундий употребляется после следующих глаголов и выражений:

to avoid	— избегать
to enjoy	— получать удовольствие от
to excuse	— извинять
to continue	— продолжать
to finish	— заканчивать
to give up	— бросать, отказываться от
to go on	— продолжать
to keep on	— продолжать
to mind	— возражать

1. t he way of separating oil; a method of exploring a territory; the problem of refining crude oil; the process of converting oil into useful products.

2. to be interested in obtaining new data; to prevent from mixing with smth; to result in solving the problem; to succeed in studying a new process; it's no use asking this question; it's worth trying to survey the area.

3. on heating the mixture; after heating the mixture; before heating the mixture; by (through) heating the mixture; for heating the mixture; without heating the mixture; apart from polluting; in addition to increasing; because of reducing; instead of drying; in spite of forecasting.

Ex. 6 Translate the following sentences.

1. He is fond of reading.

2. He is fond of being read to.

3. I like asking questions but not being asked questions.

4. I object to his asking questions.

5. I don't object to his being asked questions.

6. I remember having met you.

7. Do you mind her working with us?

8. He didn't agree to their taking part in the conference.

9. We insist on your conducting this experiment.

10. They know of our having finished the work in time.

11. The engineers are interested in solving the problem of protecting pipes against corrosion as soon as possible.

12. A new method of exploring a well was introduced last month.

13. On forecasting oil reserves one should apply the data of geophysical survey.

14. Reducing the cost of drilling results in lowering oil prices.

15. Oil being a complex mixture of hydrocarbons makes it possible to separate it into various fractions.

16. Besides being important as a fuel, natural gas is an important raw material for chemical industry.

17. There is a great problem of refineries polluting the environment.

18. Without being treated oil is of little economic value.

Ex. 7 Complete the following sentences using the Gerund and Gerundial Constructions.

1. Excuse (I ask a question)

2. Thank you for (you help me)

3. Our group has succeded in (to solve the problem)

4. The experiment is worth (to do)

5. Would you mind (I open the window)

6. Go on (to read)

7. 1 insist on (to be told the truth)

8. I object to (she is sent to the conference)

Ex. 8 Answer the following questions.

1. Why is our University named after I.M.Gubkin?

2. In what field of science did I.M.Gubkin work?

3. What other scientists contributed to the development of petroleum industry and our university?

Ex. 9 Read the text and do the tasks that follow it.

Academician I.M.Gubkin (1871-1939) is the founder of the Russian State University of Oil and Gas. He is known as the prominent scholar who established a new branch of geological science in Russia - petroleum geology. It should be noted that as a petroleum geologist he was mainly concerned with the exploration for hydrocarbons. He advocated the organic theory of oil origin. In his fundamental

work "Studies on Oil"¹ I.M.Gubkin describes the conditions of accumulating organic matter ai the changes it undergoes. In addition to studying the origin of oil Gubkin was interested in the probler of stratigraphy, tectonics and other geological subdisciplines. It was Gubkin who recommended apply, develop and perfect a multi-disciplined approach in searching for hydrocarbons. He stated th petroleum geology should be integrated with physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and other sciena Thanks to Gubkin's ideas new oil fields were discovered.

Another focus of his academic interests was the rational use of hydrocarbon resources. Particul attention was directed to exploratory drilling and oil field development.

Apart from the research work I.M.Gubkin was engaged in teaching. I.M.Gubkin put forwarc new idea of training a petroleum engineer with a profound academic background. He stated thai petroleum engineer should be an expert in deep drilling, exploitation, chemistry and technology of oil well as economics. With this in mind he founded the petroleum department at the Mining Academy. 1930 on the basis of this department the Moscow Oil Institute was formed and Gubkin was its fii rector.

Here he had several years' experience of teaching a special course of petroleum geology which 1 had introduced into the curriculum.

I.M.Gubkin put forward a new concept of teaching petroleum engineers. He was the first to introdu a special-purpose academic program designed to balance theory and practice, field and lab studi² On his initiative many outstanding scholars in the field of petroleum engineering were invited to deli\ lectures and do R&D³ at the Institute.

a) Speak on Gubkin's research work.

b) Speak on Gubkin's contribution to the foundation and development of the Russian State Univers of Oil and Gas.

The following phrases can help you:

1.	prominent scholar —	вьщающийся ученый
2.	to found smth —	основывать что-либо
3.	to be concerned with	заниматься чем-либо
4.	to be (particular) interested in	интересоваться (в частности) чем-либо
5.	to advocate a theory	поддерживать теорию
6.	the focus of his interests	его основной интерес
7.	to be engaged in	заниматься чем-либо
8.	to put forward an idea (a concept)—	предложить идею (концепцию)
9.	to train specialists	готовить специалистов
10.	background —	подготовка, квалификация
11.	to be an expert —	быть специалистом
12.	to del i ver lectures —	читать лекции
13.	to do R&D —	заниматься исследованием и разработкой

Words to the text «NATURAL GAS».

1. arouse v вызывать, пробуждать

Oil reserves in the Baltic and Barents seas have already aroused Russia's great interest.

2. attractive а привлекательный, притягательный

Goods are offered at attractive prices at this supermarket, an attractive force; an attractive idea

3. abundance n изобилие, богатство

Abundance of mineral resources is an important factor for the development of national economy of any country.

abundant in smth а богатый чем-либо

Russia is abundant in mineral resources.

4. flexibility n гибкость, приспособляемость

Flexibility of man to different weather conditions is surprising.

5. tremendous а громадный

a tremendous amount of work; a tremendous difference; a tremendous explosion

6. compete v соревноваться, конкурировать

The world's best athletes compete in the Olympic games. Russia can compete with other countries in oil trade, competitor n конкурент

Competitors in business keep their secrets from each other.

7. compare v сравнивать, сопоставлять

If you compare the old and the new models, you'll sec the changes we have made.

8. byproducts побочный продукт

When oil is extracted, gas is often obtained as a byproduct.

9. vent v выбрасывать, выпускать

In village houses smoke is vented through chimneys.

10. flare v сжигать (бросовые газы в факеле)

Unfortunately, when producing oil a certain portion of gas is flared.

11. experiences опыт (жизненный), стаж практической работы

She has 5 years' teaching experience. I know from experience what will happen, experience v испытывать, знать по опыту

Working in the North the oilmen experienced many difficulties.

12. diverse a

13. feedstock n

14. offshore n ant. onshore

разнообразный

The wild life in Africa is extremely diverse, сырье

Most countries buy feedstocks for refining and export petroleum products.

шельф (моря)

Russia has begun offshore oil production in the Barents and Baltic seas.

д

15. access n accessible a

16. distinguish v

17. dissolve v

оступ

The password will give access to the computer, доступный

Trie seas of the Arctic Ocean are not accessible for ships in winter, различать

He doesn't seem able to distinguish right from wrong. растворять(ся)

Water dissolves salt. Salt dissolves in water. 18. undergo v(underwent)подвергаться, претерпевать (undergone)

15. accurate a

16. guide v

17. share n

18. employ v

The new equipment underwent different tests, точный

The information should be based on accurate measurements. 1) руководить, 2) направлять

1. Professor guide students in their studies.

2. In early days sailors were guided by the stars, доля,часть

Russia's share of oil and gas in the world production is rather large.

1) использовать, применять,

2) нанимать на работу, предоставлять работу

15. deplete v

16. cavity n

1. Different chemical substances are employed in drilling muds.

2. One hundred men arc employed by the firm. истощать

Natural resources are being depleted due to man's activity, полость, каверна, пустота или трещина в породе (в металле)

A cavity is a hollow within a solid body. A cavity in an alloy can cause the failure of a structure.

25. amount to v насчитывать, равняться

The distance between London and New York amounts to 5506 km.

26. be credited to относить за счет чего-либо

The quick development of Saudi Arabia is credited to its great reserves of oil.

27. giant л гигантский

An offshore platform is a giant structure of metal and concrete.

NATURAL GAS

While the history of crude oil goes back to the 19-th century, it was only in the 1950s that the story of natural gas began to arouse worldwide interest.

Nevertheless, natural gas appears to be a major and increasingly attractive energy source for the 21 -st century. Due to its abundance in reserves, its environmental friendliness and its flexibility, the use of natural gas is already showing a tremendous development.

Natural gas is an oil competitor on fuel markets, but often it is its associate in the hydrocarbon reservoirs. Due to this fact and because of their having comparable origins and locations it seems logical to draw a parallel between natural gas and crude oil.

After oil having been discovered, for decades gas was considered to be its useless byproduct and was vented to atmosphere or flared. But at present time the natural gas industry is experiencing rapid growth thanks to the diverse use of natural gas as a fuel and a feedstock for the petrochemical industry.

An increasing part of the reservoirs is located offshore, in poorly accessible areas, often far away from the major consumption sites. The industry faces therefore great technical and economical problems of transporting natural gas to the consumers.

Three types of natural gas are generally distinguished:

1. nonassociated gas which is not in contact with oil

2. gas cap — associated gas overlying the oil phase in the reservoir

3. associated gas "dissolved" in the oil in the reservoir (dissolved gas).

However, more than the type of natural gas and the properties of oil with which it may be associated, it is the chemical composition of the gas that is the most important factor. It conditions the processing that the gas will have to undergo to meet the specifications of its transporting by pipeline or in the form of LNG (liquefied natural gas). The knowledge of the composition and the properties of natural gas is essential in all stages of production, processing, transportation and storage.

Geological studies guide a closer understanding of the factors influencing the composition and location of natural gas reservoirs. Modeling the formation and migration of natural gas gives an increasingly accurate forecasting tool. This knowledge helps guide exploration operations and reduce the risk of wildcatting.

A growing share of gas reserves being found offshore or in harsh areas makes necessary the development of techniques designed to improve productivity and to lower costs. Different natural gas processing operations can be employed to meet the specifications required for the transportation or use of natural gas. Natural gas is transported by pipelines as compressed gas or liquefied gas.

Natural gas storage is necessary for the seasonal regulation of consumption and gas supply, as demand for instance, for heating is different in winter and in summer. Two main storage methods are employed:

1. cryogenic storage in tanks, as LNG

2. underground storage in depleted reservoirs and salt cavities.

Gas discoveries have gradually spread to all the continents, in fact, to more than 80 countries. In Russia its proved reserves which only amounted to 2-10¹² m³ in 1960 jumped to 46.9-10¹² m³ in 2000. This clearly places Russia at the top of the world's gas reserves list. Most of this increase can be credited to the discoveries of the largest reservoirs of the globe in Siberia. New supergiant reservoirs were discovered north of Siberia in the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea.

Ex. 1 a) Derive nouns from the following adjectives using the suffix -ness and translate them. Friendly, hard, harsh, attractive, correct, kind, good, exact.

b) Derive adjectives from the following nouns using the suffix -less and -ful and translate them.

Use, power, fruit, care, help, meaning, thought.

Ex. 2 Derive new words from the following ones using the prefixes:

1. over — сверх, чрезмерно (часто соответствует в русском языке приставке пере-) under — недостаточно (часто соответствует в русском языке приставке недо-). Lie, estimate, heat, production, spread, consumption, dry.

2. sub — соответствует в русском языке приставке под-. Marine, sea, divide, group, arctic, commission, surface, fraction.

Ex. 3 Fonn all the possible derivatives of the following words.

Product, attract, friend, develop, compare, consume, transport, differ, depend, employ, require, heat, store.

Ex.4 Find synonyms to the following words and word combinations in the text.

very different

to provoke to differentiate

thanks to to be subjected to

to be combined with to obtain

wealth part

to govern to use

great method

to draw a parallel however

secondary product exact

Ex. 5 Find antonyms to the following words and word combinations in the text.

to repell slow

finished product solidified

onshore to raise costs near

Ex. 6 Find English equivalents in the text.

1. вызывать интерес во всем мире

2. безопасность для окружающей среды

3. находит широкое развитие

4. газ часто сопутствует нефти

5. большая часть коллекторов

6. обуславливает переработку

7. очень точный инструмент прогнозирования

8. риск разбуривания разведочных скважин

9. соответствовать техническим условиям (характеристикам)

10. можно отнести за счет

Ex. 7 Choose the proper word.

1. The company has extensive professional... (experience, experiment) in analyzing gas reservoirs.

2. The company has conducted a lot of... (experiences, experiments) in analyzing gas reservoirs.

3. ... (near, nearly) 1,000 km of seismic data were processed.

4. The basin covers.. .(near, nearly) 174 sq km northeast of the Puesto Hemaudez oil field.

5. The basin occupies a large territory.. .(near, nearly) the Fort McMurray area.

6. .. .(reserves, resources) will continue to be created out of a .. .(reserve, resource) the limits of which are not known and will never been known.

7. .. .(exploration, exploitation) in the region began with surface mapping, gravity surveys and the drilling of several wells.

8. The.. .(exploration, exploitation) history of the pipeline will start in 3 years.

9. Gas is considered to be an.. .(increasing, increasingly) attractive fuel.

10. (Increasing, increasingly) C0₂in the atmosphere effects the quality of me air that we breathe.

11. Sakhalin-1 project consists of three (offshore, onshore) oil and gas fields in the sea of Okhotsk of Sakhalin Island.

12. Oil will be moved by pipeline for further processing at a new (offshore, onshore) plant on the island.

-Ex. 8 Translate the sentences in writing. Use the words from the text ''Natural Gas".

1. Газ является очень привлекательным источником энергии.

2. Промышленная разработка газовых месторождений началась в 50-е годы прошлого века.

3. Доля газа в мировой экономике растет благодаря его безопасности для окружающей среды и изобилию его запасов.

4. Раньше газ рассматривали как бесполезный побочный продукт нефти.

5. Сейчас газ стал основным конкурентом нефти на энергетическом рынке.

6. Газ также используется в качестве сырья для нефтехимической промышленности.

7. Гигантские запасы газа расположены на шельфе в труднодоступных районах.

8. Промышленности приходится решать проблемы транспортировки газа потребителю.

9. Перед транспортировкой газ подвергается различным методам переработки.

10. Природный газ хранится в специальных емкостях или в истощенных газовых коллекторах.

11. Российские запасы газа насчитывают 40% мировых запасов газа.

Ex. 9 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions given below.

1. ... transporting gas is compressed or liquefied.

2. ... its flexibility natural gas is widely used.

3. ... being produced gas is processed.

4. Gas is rarely found... oil.

5. ... being a perfect fuel, gas is used as a feedstock for petrochemical industry.

6. At present... being flared gas finds wide use.

7. Gas can be associated... oil in a reservoir.

8. Gas can be transported... pipeline, barges and tankers.

9. The properties... natural gas are essential... gas processing.

10. Gas is delivered to the places of consumption... its transporting through pipelines.

(by, with, without, instead of, in addition to, for, after, due to, of, before)

Ex.10 Translate the following sentences. Mind the Gerund.

1. The refinery aims at producing high-quality products for both domestic and export consumption.

2. The policy of the company resulted in oil prices remaining quite high.

3. In addition to minimizing the effects of subnormal reservoir pressure the new technique is developed to prolong the life of a well.

4. Deriving the maximum accurate information from modeling is a complex process.

5. The fluid can be pumped without being lost into the formation.

6. By adding heat to a solid body we transform it into a liquid.

7. Storing C0₂ in depleted gas reservoirs is only one of several options for reducing atmospheric emissions.

8. After being processed in LNG, the gas is shipped to markets.

9. The seismic data show that the structure has the potential of being a very large.possible find.

10. Reducing hydrogen consumption by avoiding hydrotreating can save a refinery a tremendous operating cost.

11. Though ancient people's applying petroleum is a proved fact, it wasn't until the invention of a kerosene lamp and automobile when it became really necessary.

12. Petroleum being impure (с примесями) makes it impossible to use it without being refined first.

13. After the drilling site having been prepared the construction team brings in the rig, drilling equipment and a derrick.

14. Modeling the formation and migration of natural gas prevents from unnecessary wildcatting.

15. Apart from being flexible natural gas demonstrates environmental friendliness.

16. We know of gas industry experiencing rapid growth thanks to gas being a perfect fuel and a feedstock for the petrochemical industry.

17. It's no use discussing the fact that natural gas is an oil competitor on the fuel markets.

18. It's worth mentioning that supergiant reservoirs were discovered in the north of Russia.

19. Natural gas will continue fueling new power plants due to its abundance and environmental friendliness.

20. It's not possible to discuss natural gas without considering crude oil and other competing fuels.

21. After processing in the plants gas must also meet the specifications in the midstream markets.

Ex. 11 Render the following text in English.

Промышленная добыча газа имеет более короткую историю, чем промышленная добыча нефти. Промышленная разработка газовых месторождений началась в 50-х годах 20-го века.

Раньше газ считали бесполезным сопутствующим продуктом нефти, который можно выпускать в атмосферу и сжигать. Лишь небольшое количество газа использовали как топливо. Еще Д.И. Менделеев предсказывал, что газ будет использоваться не только как топливо, но и как ценное сырье для химической промышленности. Он говорил, что сжигать газ — это топить печь ассигнациями.

По, правде говоря, в настоящее время газ является серьезным конкурентом нефти на топливном рынке, т.к. он имеет ряд преимуществ - он не так сильно загрязняет окружающую среду, его легче транспортировать. Кроме того, сейчас найдены огромные запасы газа как на шельфе, так и на суше. К сожалению, большая часть найденных запасов газа на шельфе расположена в труднодоступных районах. Поэтому возникают значительные проблемы при разработке таких месторождений и транспортировке газа потребителю.

Чтобы транспортировать газ по трубопроводу, его подвергают определенной обработке — газ транспортируют либо в сжатом, либо в сжиженном состоянии. Сжиженный газ также можно транспортировать в танкерах и цистернах, причем химический состав газа обуславливает вид переработки и транспортировки. Знание состава и свойств природного газа важны на всех стадиях добычи, переработки, транспортировки и хранения.

Стоит упомянуть, что газ можно хранить в специальных хранилищах, расположенных далеко от места добычи. Например, подземные хранилища могут располагаться около больших городов. Эти хранилища заполняются газом летом, когда потребляется меньше топлива, а зимой, в пик отопительного сезона, газ доставляется потребителю. Установлено, что если газ будут выкачивать из пласта с постояннойскоростью, то газовое месторождение будет давать больше газа за более длительный период. Газ может также храниться в истощенных нефтяных и газовых коллекторах, а также в водоносных горизонтах (aquifers).

В заключение следует сказать, что газ, по-видимому, будет самым распространенным энергетическим источником 21 века.

Ex. 12 Here is an example of a summary of the text "Oil Business" (Unit 2). Now write your own summary of the text "Natural Gas". The underlined connecting words will help you.

Oil business includes upstream, midstream and downstream operations. But every petroleum engineer should have a general idea of the origin, composition and properties of oil. As oil originates in porous rocks, sedimentary basins are a prime aim for the oil hunters. So to find an oil accumulation a geologist should study the conditions of oil formation and accumulation. However, only drilling can prove the presence of oil. After the drilling site has been prepared, the rig is to be constructed. While oil recovery

depends on natural pressure, additional energy must be supplied if natural pressure is not enough. Then, after extraction, oil must be transported from the fields to the place where it is consumed. Thus pipelines, tankers, barges and others are the means of transportation of oil to storage tanks or to refineries. And the basic job of a refinery is to convert petroleum into useful products. Distribution and marketing are the final links in the petroleum industry chain.

Ex. 13 Look through the texts and choose the one related to your speciality.

Text A

Rapid advances in computer, robotic and telecommunication technologies are removing drilling personnel from the wellsite, allowing remotely controlled or automated systems to perform the work traditionally supported by humans. Computers will drill future wells much like they guide airplanes or operate factories. Computers have proven to be enormous reducers of cost and big generators of productivity.

Along with remotely controlled rigs the industry will develop new tools that can be easily controlled by computers. The mud (буровой раствор) system will no longer exist as a series of pits, tanks, pumps situated around the rig site and interconnected with a variety of pipes, cables, and channels. Instead, it will be replaced with a closed system that operates like a refinery.

Chemicals and materials will be automatically cleaned, dried, compacted and packaged. So new technologies will embrace upstream, midstream and downstream sectors.

Perhaps these changes will take longer than what most people think. However, it will happen much faster than the changes of the last 100 years have happened.

Text В

A refinery is a factory. A refinery takes a raw material — crude oil—to transform it into kerosene, gasoline, lubricants and hundreds of other useful products.

A typical large refinery costs billions of dollars to build and millions more to maintain and upgrade. It should be mentioned, it runs around the clock (круглые сутки) 365 days a year, employs between 1000 and 2000 people and occupies as much land as several hundred football fields.

Refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which then are selectively reconfigured into new products. All refineries perform three basic steps: separation, conversion and treatment. In the process of separation crude oil is separated into components and fractions according to their weight and boiling point. Through conversion most low-value fractions become finished products. The most widely used conversion method is known to be (called) cracking because it uses heat and pressure to "crack" heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones. The basic gasoline-making process is fluid catalytic cracking, or "catcracking". A catalyst is a substance that accelerates chemical reactions. Treatment is the finishing touch. It involves blending, purifying to improve products quality.

Text С

Upstream activities are known to include exploration, drilling and production.

To drill a well is a highly complex and expensive process that requires strict planning for success. The science of drilling has advanced drilling from cable tool to rotary methods, from vertical wells to horizontal ones.

As practiced today, drilling is known to involve heavy-duty equipment, a variety of fluids and sophisticated instrumentation. For many decades drilling has been associated with the drilling rig known to be an assembly of tools, machinery and other equipment. A column of drill pipes with a drilling bit at the end is lowered into the well, making its way through the formations.

Rigs of tomorrow are unlikely to look much different from today's rigs, yet they are to be more compact and mobile.

Text D

Reservoir engineering is known to be a part of petroleum engineering. It may be defined as the applied science concerned with the movement of fluids to, from, and within natural underground reservoirs. More specifically, it is concerned with the behavior of reservoir fluids and matrix after the reservoir has been penetrated by one or more wells.

In the practice of reservoir engineering, the reservoir engineer determines the properties of the reservoir matrix and of its fluids, interprets these data to predict reservoir-fluid behavior, and recommends the development and production program that will result in the maximum economic recovery of hydrocarbons - spacing of wells, gas-oil and water-oil ratios, rate of production, stimulation procedures, pressure-control program.

TextE

Exploration is not what it was even a generation ago. Two key elements in the exploration business are: estimates (оценки) of the probable success and the probable field size. The aim of exploration is to discover the best areas for drilling. There are four stages in the process of exploration: aerial survey, geological survey, geophysical survey and exploration drilling.

Geologic exploration seems to have progressed since the early days of petroleum business. Now it's not the physical hunt for hydrocarbons but a search for new places in which to conduct the hunt. In the course of time explorers discovered relationships between pressure, temperature, fluid volumes and rock properties.

No wells are drilled without accumulating and interpreting geophysical information, especially 3D seismic data. Industry specialists have discovered a broad menu of ways to gather, process, and interpret seismic data and have the computing power to perform the calculations. Not so long ago seismic data were mainly used to identify subsurface structures. Nowadays explorers extrapolate rock properties and pressure, in some cases the presence of hydrocarbons from geophysical data.

Petroleum specialists consider exploration to be the initial step of upstream activities.

TextF

Hydrocarbons with no transportation to market can't be economically produced. Thanks to all the discoveries of transportation know-how, volumes of recoverable hydrocarbons have grown. Constmcting oil and gas pipelines onshore and offshore reflects developing less expensive technologies. Great progress in surveying and mapping resulted in new methods of route engineering.

The laying of a pipeline requires a whole series of operations that must be carefully planned to reduce investment costs. The operations are performed in the following order: laying a working track, trenching, cladding (preparation of the pipes), bending, welding, brushing, coating, burial, landscape reconditioning. Crossing rivers and built-up areas requires special operations.

TextG

Equipment and materials are very important in all the stages of petroleum business. A mechanical engineer should know the properties of the materials used in the industry, must also know the factors affecting the behavior of these materials.

Reducing the risk of corrosion requires one to select appropriate materials for the application. Oil and gas operators use some exotic materials to optimize corrosion protection. These materials were mostly developed for specific oil and gas projects.

For example, alloy400 is the first nickel alloy invented and one of the most extensively used because of its excellent corrosion resistance to a wide range of environment. It also has excellent resistance to neutral and alkaline salts. Its behavior in seawater is excellent

TextH

Well logging is an integral part of reservoir engineering. It provides the largest source of data. These are used with core (керн) and fluid data to determine reservoir depth and thickness, porosity, lithology, hydrocarbon saturation (насыщение) and permeability. This information is also necessary in drilling, completion (завершение) and operation of wells, geophysical and geological exploration, development of reservoir models for efficient production.

Text I

Oil and gas industry is characteristically a high cost business. Petroleum economics provides the tools with which to quantify and assess the financial risks involved in all the cycles of oil and gas business. Different techniques arc applied to advise management on the attractiveness of investment opportunities, to assist in selecting the best options, and to determine how to maximize the value of existing assets.

Large capital intensive projects arc characteristic of oil and gas industry. Planning and controlling a project, which may involve hundreds of personnel, millions of individual items, and a significant investment has become a discipline of its own.

Ex.14 Answer the following questions:

1. What branch of petroleum industry are you interested in?

2. What is the main focus of your professional interests?

3. What must a good specialist in your field know?

4. What problems can a specialist in your field face?

5. Do you have any practical experience?

6. Do you think a profound academic background helps in mastering your profession?

7. Are you engaged in R&D?

8. Can you name any prominent scholar in your field?

Ex. 15 Speak on your speciality. The words below can help you.

Petroleum Geology explores the origins ofhydrocarbons and forecasts the subsurface conditions necessary to accumulate oil and gas.

upstream to originate

geologist to accumulate hydrocarbons to migrate

source rocks sedimentary rocks trap

reservoir rock cap rock porous rock

Exploration describes the use of geophysical and geological methods in search for accumulations ofhydrocarbons.

upstream

interpretation

geophysicist

well logging

seismic

porosity

permeability

to provide to process to identify to evaluate

survey

hydrocarbons

Drilling presents drilling technology and subsurface conditions faced by petroleum engineers.

upstream to drill

exploratory well to construct

(wildcat) to lower

dry hole to cut

appraisal hole

drilling rig

drilling fluids

drill pipe

horizontal well

bit

Production discusses the various methods used to maximize recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.

upstream to extract

natural pressure to produce

primary (secondary) recovery to depend

porosity

pcnneability

pump

natural flow artificial means

Transportation describes different means of transporting hydrocarbons and their products.

midstream to lay a pipeline

pipelines to weld pipes

tankers to construct

barges

tank trucks

storage tanks

route engineering

Refining investigates the complex chemical and physical conversion of crudes into useful products.

downstream to refine

treatment to separate

catalyst to convert

refinery

heavy (light) hydrocarbons fractions

Automation and computers embrace all operations of oil and gas business.

upstream to develop

midstream to replace

downstream to reduce

computer to invent

robotic to remove

telecommunication to estimate

alternative technologies to calculate

modeling to model

costs to integrate

remotely controlled systems

automation

automatization

automated systems

E-business

data processing

software

hardware

Mechanical engineering studies the science of materials and constructs machines and equipment for oil and gas industry.

upstream to design

midstream to select

downstream

behavior

properties

equipment

to weld to increase to choose to withstand

alloys

corrosion protection

welding

coating

resistance

destruction

strength

Economics provides the tools with which to assess and minimize the financial risks.

demand to gather information

supply to evaluate

capital costs to estimate

operating costs to forecast

oil and gas prices to take a decision

budget

economic analysis Ex. 16 Translate in writing. Use a dictionary.

The major gas reserves on Sakhalin, a Russian island directly north of Japan, may eventually be developed for export by pipeline. Shell's Sakhalin II project is being developed for exports of LNG, and so ExxonMobil's Sakhalin I project is the most likely supplier for a pipeline project. Reserves at Sakhalin I are estimated at 17.1 trillion ft³, and ExxonMobil may eventually be awarded additional areas of the island. A pipeline linking Sakhalin into the Russian gas grid is one possible avenue of development and would come very close to China, creating an opportunity to be extended into northeastern China in the future.

Japan being another option for this pipeline export makes this project more attractive. In this scenario, a 1500 km pipeline would link Sakhalin to the main Japanese island, Honshu, via the less heavily populated northern island of Hokkaido. A feasibility study for this route is currently being undertaken by ExxonMobil. As commercial production of gas from Sakhalin I is not expected to begin until 2008, both of these pipeline options are medium to long term plans. ExxonMobil is believed to favour the Japan option, while the Russian government prefers China. However, gas reserves on Sakhalin may ultimately prove to be adequate enough for both. (Oil and Gas Journal)

Ex. 17 Think of several reasons why natural gas is becoming the leader on the world fuel market.

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Grammar: Grammar Revision:

Ecology