22. Structural Types of Words, Morphemic structure vs Derivational structure.

According to the member and the type of morpheme that words possess we can define several structural types of the word. Only one morpheme - monomorphic, more -polymorphic. All the polymorphic are devided into derived and compound (wo stems) words. This compound words may be root (blackbird) or derivational (blue-eyed, pen­holder).

Morphemic analysis The aim of it is to find out all the morphemes (especially derivational) which are in the language: 1) Immediate constituent; 2) Ultimate constituent. The procedre may take several stages; un (UC) - ubeiievably - believably (1С) - believable (1С) - ly (UC) - able (UC) - believe (UC). Derivational analysis The aim is to establish structural patterns of the words. The basic of this pattern is stem. Any word can be presented in any way. N - Noun, V - Verb... rewrite - Prf + V - Prf V; driver-VSf- N; blackness -Adj Sf-N; to pocket- N+conversion - V; matchbox-N+N-N.

23- Affixation.

Affixation is the formation of new words by means of suffixes and prefixes to stems.

Affixes may be divided

1) according to the parts of speech.

N- -ment, -ness;

A- -full, -al, -less

V- - ate, -ise

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D- -ly, -ward

2) according to their etymology

• Native: ish, hood, clom

• Borrowed: -tior^abte, ious, ment. t) productive or non-productive productive suffixes:

Noun - er ing, is, ist, ance Adj - y_t ish, ed, able, less Adv - ly

Verb - ize, /ise, ate Prefixies - un, die, re 4) semantic classification Prefixes: Negative: dis

Denoting repetition of the action: re Denoting space & time relations: pre-, post-Suffixes:

a) the agent of an action, e.g. -er, -ant (baker, dancer, defendant, etc.);

b) appurtenance, e.g. -an, -ian, -ese, etc. (Arabian, Elizabethan, Russian, Chinese, Japanese, etc.);

c) collectivity, e.g. -age, -dom, -ery (-ry), etc. (freightage, officialdom, peasantry, etc.);.

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d) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie, -let, -ling, etc. (birdie, girlie, cloudlet squirellng, wolf ling, etc.).

24. Compounding,

Compounding is th^ process of making new words by combining several stems. This is the most productive of word-formation. Compounding or word-compositionis is one of the productive types of word-formation in Modern English. Composition like alf other ways of deriving words has its own peculiarities as to the means used, the nature of bases and their distribution, as to the range of application, the scope of semantic classes and the factors conducive to productivity. There are tree aspects of Compounding: Structural aspect. Structurally we can deal with tree types of compounds:

1. Neutral - there are no linking elements,

• Simple: sunflower bedroom, blackmail, tallboy, blackbird.

• Derived: two stems +affix: early^riser, music-lover, honey-mooner.

• Contracted: there is an element is a contraction: TV-set, H-bag, V-day,

2. Morphological - are fewer in number, non-productive; there is a linking element, usually V: anglosaxon, spokesman, handiwork, craftsmanship.

3. Syntactic - very English type, formed of segments of speech and preserve in their structure traces of syntagrnatic relations typical of speech: good-for-nothing, sit-at-home, Jack-of-all-trades, breakfast-in-the-bedder, lily-of-the-valley.

Semantic aspect Three major groups of compounds:

1. Transparant/Non-idiomatic: meaning can be deduced from the meaning of two components: classroom, dancing hall, steeping car. Meaning is the sum of compounds.

2. Semi-transparant; one of the components shifts its meaning: chatterbox, lady-killer, pickpocket good-for-nothing.

3. Enigmas: impossible to deduce meaning of compound from the meaning of components: ladybird, wallflower, horse marine, tallboy, blue stocking.

Criteria for distinguishing between compounds and word combinations:

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1. spelling

2. phonetic criteria - compound has single stress

3. morphological

4. syntactical - word combination: tall boy - tall handsome boy

5. semantical - two meaningful words must form one solid meaning; lipstick.

25. Conversion.

Conversion, one of the principal ways of forming words in Modern English is highly productive in replenishing the English word-stock with new words, 'cause English is analytical language & there are lots of monosyllabic words. Conversion - affixless way of word-building, affixless derivation; process which consisits in forming a new word from existing one by changing its category of speech, whereas the morphemic/phonemic form remains the same.

This question is contraversion. 'cause some linguists say that it's not a way of word-formation, but change of word-function. Semantic classification:

1. N-tool, V- its function: nail

2. N-animal, V-some characteristic of it; fox_T dog, rat

3. N-part of body, V- the action performed

4. N-profession, V- activity: cook

5. N-place, V-process of its occupation; room

6. N-container_t V-putting smth in it: bottle

7. N-meal_t V-taking meal.