2. There is / There are

There + be is used for something mentioned for the first time or to say that something or someone exists.

There are some messages for you on your desk.

• Personal pronoun + be/other verb is used to give more details about something or someone already mentioned.

There's a woman at the door. She wants to talk to you.

3. It + be It + be is used for identification

There's a man on the phone. It's your husband.

3.1 It + be with to-infinitive or that-clause is used to begin a sentence.

It's nice to be back. It's a shame that he didn't call us.

3.2 It is also used for weather, distance, temperature, time, in some expressions:

It seems that, It appears that, It looks like, It is said that, It doesn't matter etc.

It's sunny today, isn't it? It appears that they are going to move.

It seems that there is a mistake in these figures.

But we also say: There seems to be a mistake in these figures.

4. Possessive adjectives/pronouns

4.1 Possessive adjectives/pronouns express possession. Possessive adjectives go before nouns, whereas possessive pronouns do not go before nouns.

This is my diary. It's mine.

Sometimes p. pronouns go at the beginning of a sentence. Theirs is the blue car.

4.2 We use the rather than a + possessive adjective with parts of the body after prepositions. Verbs used in this pattern include:

hit, kiss, punch, slap, bite, touch, pat, sting etc.

She kissed the baby on the cheek. He punched me on the nose.

4.3 Own is used with possessive adjectives to emphasize the fact that something belongs to one person and no one else.

She's got her own chauffeur, or She's got a chauffeur of her own.

4.4 We also use my own/your own, etc to emphasize that one person does something instead of somebody else doing it for them.

Clean your room. Clean your own room! I'm not going to do it for you.

4.5 On my own/on your own can mean 'alone' or 'without help'.

I don’t live on my own; I share a flat with two friends.

I can't move this table on my own. It's too heavy.

5. Possessive case with 's or s' for people or animals

1. Singular nouns (person or animal) + 's

the boy's racket, the dog's ears, the queen's limousine

2) Regular plural nouns + ' the passengers' luggage

3. Irregular plural nouns not ending in s + 's

the children's toys, the women's magazines

4) Compound nouns + 's my sister-in-law's house

5) `s after the last of two or more names to show common possession

Kate and Alan's yacht, Sue and Andy’s daughter, Ann and Peter’ duet………

6) 's after each name to show individual possession

Sonia's and Marisa's yachts (Each owns a yacht.)

6. Possessive case with "of" for inanimate things

1. of + inanimate things or abstract nouns

the windows of a house, the price of success

2. of + possessive case/possessive pronouns when there is a determiner (this, some etc) before the noun.

Listen to this song of Eric's, (one of Eric's songs),

a friend of mine (one of my friends)

3. phrases of place + 's (at the dentist's, the building's entrance), time or distance expressions + 's/' (last year's reports, two days' work, a mile's walk).

4. We can use either 's or of when we talk about places or organizations. (York's monuments or the monuments of York).

6.5 We use of with people in longer phrases. (That's the sister of one of my colleagues.)