1. Word-forms.

Example: a novel about the lives of common people – роман о жизни простых людей. Plural-singular. He said he knew the man. Past – present –он сказал что знает этого человека. The door was opened by a middle aged woman –дверь отварила пожилая женщина.

2. Parts of speech.

Especially typical is the replacement of English nouns derived from verbs and denoting actions by Russian verbs – it is our hope that –мы надеемся, что..; the abandonment by Irene of all the glittering things he had given her - когда ирен оставила все безделушки…

The same is also true of the so-called nominal-agentives which in English are usually represented by nouns with suffix –ER. Write-writer. Russian has either no such nouns at all or uses them to denote people of permanent occupation. The English writer – не только писатель на английском. , тот кто писал… he is an early riser – он рано встает. John is a sound sleeper – джон крепко спит. I am a very fast packer –ф быстро укладываюсь.

Very often English adjectives are replaced by Russian nouns. For ex- Australian prosperity –процветание AАвстралии. Generational style of life - образ жизни свойственный данному поколению . this examples are typical of the so-called Germanys. English comparative forms of adjective such as longer, shorter, better, higher are frequently replaced by Russian nouns which are derived from adjective stems, which in their tone are verbalized, such as повышение, улучшение, увеличение. For ex- they demanded higher wages and better living conditions – они требовали повышение зарплаты и улучшение жизненных условий.

3. SENTENCE ELEMENTS. This is sometimes referred to as syntactic restructurings of the sentence in the process of translation. It consists in changing the syntactic functions of words in a sentence, a process which is usually due to the same tendency as is observed in transpositions. That is preserving the functional sentence perspective. (актуальное членение предложение) in English as in Russian the theme is generally placed at the beginning of the sentence. however this place is of course reserved for the sentence subject. As a result the theme of the English sentence is as a rule also its subject, though semantically it is not always the doer of the action expressed by the predicate verb, it may be its object, or even denote some adverbial relation such as time, place, cause and so on. In Russian the word order is relatively free. Therefore the first word of the word-group within a sentence (it’s theme) must not necessarily be at the same time its syntactic subject. So the subject of the English sentence is often replaced in Russian by a corresponding secondary element such has object, adverbial of time, place, cause and so on with comecomitant changes in the syntactic pattern of the whole sentence, often also with necessary lexical changes. For exam- he was met by his sister.

In English

Subject - he

Theme – he

Его встретила сестра

Subject –сестра

Theme –его.

He was given money.

Subject, theme – HE

Theme – ему,

Subject –деньги.

• The new film is much spoken about.

О новом фильме много говорят.

In Russian – there is no subject, о новом фильме-theme.

In English – the new film – the theme and the subject.

• Last week saw the five hundred – strong meeting of shop stewards and trade union officials .

In English last week – subject and theme

На прошлой неделе состоялось собрание цеховых старост и профсоюзных деятелей ,в котором приняло участие 500 человек.

На прошлой неделе –theme.

• The tent sleeps six people.

Tent – subject and theme.

В палатке могут спать 6 человек. Adverbial modifier of place in Russian.

• New terrorist attacks have injured six persons.

New terrorist attacks - subject and the theme.

В результате новых (adverbial of cause)нападений террористов 6 человек было ранено .

• The fog stopped the traffic.

Fog- theme and rheme.

Из за (adverbial of cause) тумана движение было остановлено