I’d worked I hadn’t worked

• The Past Perfect Tense denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the past.

• Past Perfect + Past Indefinite He had finished his work when I called him.

He had finished his work by 5 o’clock yesterday.

The Past Perfect Tense is used with the conjunctions: hardly..., scarcely..., nearly.. ,barely... + Past Perfect ... when + Past Indefinite. No sooner + Past Perfect... than + Past Indefinite. He had hardly done it when they came.

Ex.5.Use the Past Perfect Tense.

Examples: Why didn’t you listen to that play on the radio? – Because I had heard it before.

1. Why didn’t you see Fred when you came to Astana?(leave) 2. Why didn’t Kate want to go to the cinema?(see the film) 3.Why didn’t you tell him my new adress?(forget) 4. Why didn’t Jeff hear about Kate’s examination?(pass) 5. Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday? (spend all the money) 6. Why couldn’t you get into your flat at once?(lose the key)7. What did you learn about Bob?(get married).

Ex.6. Make sentences using the words in brackets.

Example: His hair was wet. (He/ just/ have/ a shower)- He had just had a shower.

1. There was nobody at the platform.(the train/just/ leave).2. We didn’t find anybody at home everybody/already/go out). 3.The children were playing in the garden.(they/just/ come/from/school).4. Bob wasn’t at home when I arrived.(he/arrange/to meet/some friends/at the club).5.I couldn’t recognize the child after all that time.(I/not/see/her/for seven years)

Ex.7.Use the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs given in brackets to complete the sentences.

Example: When John and I got to the river, the boat race (start already)

1.When she went to bed ,she remembered that she (not/switch off the light) 2. She felt tired because she (walk a lot/ that day) 3. She went for a holiday after she (pass the exams) 4. I didn’t know what to do when they(show/me/the picture)5. I didn’t look at the present until after she (go) 6. I was very sorry to hear that he (die) 7. He didn’t start speaking until the children(leave the room)\

Ex.8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect in the following texts.

a) He (look) at his watch. In a quarter of an hour he (be) due at the General Meeting of the New Colliery Company - one of Uncle Jolyon’s concerns; he should see Uncle Jolyon there, and say something to him about Bosinney – ( not/make) up his mind what, but something – in any case he should not answer this letter until he (see) Uncle Jolyon. He (get) up and methodically (put) away the draft of his defense. Going into a dark little cupboard, he (turn) up the light, (wash) his hands with a piece of brown Windsor soap, and (dry) them on a roller towel. Then he (brush) his hair, (turn) down the light, (take) his hat and … (leave) the house.

b) When Tom (wake), the farmhouse (burn), it (start) burning when the shell (hit). None of the other soldiers who (be) in the farmhouse (be) to be seen. They (be) lucky to escape. In the confusion they (miss) Tom who (sleep) on the kitchen floor. As his leg (be) broken, it (take) him hours to crawl across the room to the window. He (pass) out again and again. But he (be) sure he (not/want) to die and finally he (get) to the window and (pull) himself up so that he (can) look over the sill. Somebody (see) his head above the window and (get) him. Tom (not/remember) any of that. He never (find) out who (save) him.

Ex.9. Translate the following sentences into English concentrating on the use of tense-aspect forms.

1. Мы проработали вместе уже много лет, и я фактически мало знаю о тебе.2. Когда мы подошли к тому месту, где он уронил кольцо, он остановился.3. Тебе нравится готовить? – Я люблю это. Это одно из моих хобби уже много лет.4. Папа всегда называл меня Катя.5. Они возвращаются, я полагаю , они остановятся в гостинице на этот раз.6. Она заперлась и не сойдет вниз, пока они не уйдут.7. Я не знаю имена всех в деревне. Я живу здесь всю свою жизнь.8. Я готовила обед, в то время как она прибиралась в комнате.9. Не успели они войти в дом, как разразилась буря.10. Я решила не идти на выставку. Я пойду сегодня в библиотеку.11. Я уже три месяца не меняла книги.12. Я почти ни разу не поел как следует, как приехал сюда.13. Он не придет. Я только что разговаривал с ним по телефону.14. Филипп отнес свой чемодан в вагон и курил на перроне.15. Они никогда не танцевали прежде вместе.16. Кто открыл Австралию?

Unit 3.

EDUCATION IN BRITAIN

Text: Education in Britain.

Grammar: The Future Perfect Tense.

Практические цели: ознакомление с лексическим материалом по теме « Education in Britain», развитие умений и навыков разговорной речи по теме «Education», введение и тренировка грамматической темы The Future Perfect Tense, развитие навыков монологической речи по теме.

The Five Ages of Education.

British education has many different faces, but one goal. Its aim is to realize the potential of all, for good of the individual and society as a whole.

1. Around hall of 3-and 4-year-olds in Britain receive nursery education, and many other children attend pre-school playgroups, mostly organized by parents. Children of nursery age need care as well as education , however , and it is not just their mental requirements, but social , emotional and physical needs that must be met. In nursery schools , qualified teachers, usually primary teachers with a nursery teaching qualification, work alongside helpers and nursery nurses to achieve this.

2. Compulsory primary education begins at the age of 5 in England, Wales and Scotland, and 4 in Northern Ireland. Children usually start their school career in an infant school and move a junior school or department at age 7. In some parts of the country , though , children begin at a first school at age 5, and move on to a middle school at age 8,9 or 10. Primary schools vary in size and location, some having as few as two teachers and others as many as 30.

Subjects covered include English mathematics and science, along with technology, history, geography, music, art, and physical education.

At 7 and 11 years old (and a secondary school, at 14 and 16) teachers measure children’s progress in each subject against attainment targets. In English, for instance, there are five basic targets: speaking and listening: reading: writing: spelling and handwriting.

3. In Britain, most children of compulsory secondary school age (11 to 16) receive free education financed from public funds. This may be a comprehensive ( mixed ability) or a grammar school. A small proportion attend private or independent schools, not financed by the state. The large majority of schools teach both boys and girls together . The school year in England and Wales normally begins in September and continues into the following July, in Scotland, it runs from August to June and in Northern Ireland from September to June.

4.All Britain’s universities enjoy complete academic freedom. They appoint their own staff and decide what and how to teach. First degree courses usually last three or four years.

The Open University is a little different, because it relies on distance learning.

England and Wales’s 34 polytechnics tend to be more vocationally –orientated than universities , providing degree and subdegree vocational courses as well as traditional academic degree courses. Many polytechnics have close links with business, and many students have jobs and attend part-time. For those without standard entry qualifications, access and foundation courses can provide a way in to higher education. The number of access courses in Britain is increasing rapidly.

5.Education doesn’t stop with leaving school. Further education in particular is learning which, with its strong ties with commerce and industry, is vital in the effort to keep Britain economically competitive.

Over 500 colleges of further education run courses on everything from catering to business studies. Most further education courses are vocational, but many colleges offer more academic courses, such as GCSEs and A levels. Students may attend college part- time, day by day or block release from their jobs or in the evening. The new National Vocational Qualifications, based on standards of competence set by industry, are designed to ensure the relevance of vocational qualifications to employers. They are based on defined levels of attainment, to which qualifications can be assigned.

Topical vocabulary

1. phasing -in поэтапное введение

2. curriculum учебный план

3. around приблизительно

4. nursery детский сад

5. alongside рядом с

6. primary начальное обучение

7. infant school дошкольное заведение

8. junior school младшие классы (средней школы)

9. to vary отличаться

10.as few as всего

11.to cover охватывать

12.science естественные науки

13.to measure оценивать, определять

14.attainment достижения

15.target цель

16.handwriting почерк, каллиграфия

17.to acquire приобретать

18.to broaden расширять

19.range диапазон

20.to demand требовать

21.content содержание

22.vocational профессиональный

23.artificial искусственный

24.non graduate студент последнего курса

25.bachelor бакалавр

26.to tend иметь тенденцию

27.to appoint назначать

28.vital насущный

29.full-time student студент очного отделения отделения

30.to ensure обеспечить

Ex.1. Suggest the Russian for:

1. infant school

2. to vary

3. as few as

4. to measure

5. attainment

6. target

7. to cover

8. science

9. to acquire

10. handwriting

11. to tend

12. to demand

13. content

14. vocational

Ex.2. Match the words and phrases in column A with those in column B.

A B

1. graduate a) достижения

2. to vary b) всего

3. non-graduate c) оценивать

4. vocational d) расширять

5. attainment e) отличаться

6. to measure f) насущный

7. to broaden g) обеспечить

8. as few as h) профессиональный

9. vital i) студент последнего курса

Ex.3. Complete this description of a typical school education.

Age.

3 Some children go to …………. school.

5 Everyone starts ………………… school.

11 Children go on to ………………. School. Some of these are called

grammar schools, others are called ………. i.e. with mixed

ability.

16 By Law, children can ………. School at this ago and …….. a

job, but many ……….. at school for two more years.

18 If they pass their exams, many ………… to university.

Ex.4. True or false ? If the sentence is false, change it to make true.

1. In England public schools are the same as state schools.

2. Children at school are called ‘pupil’s.

3. In British schools PE is short for ‘practical education’.

4. In Britain, the academic year if usually divided into two terms.

5. The working day is divided into lessons, with morning and

afternoon breaks.

6. The plan for each day’s work is called the school schedule.

Ex.5 . Make up questions to which the following questions might be the answers:

1. In nursery schools work, qualified teachers, usually primary teachers alongside helpers and nursery nurses.

2. In Britain most children of secondary school age receive free education financial from public funds.

3. The most of schools teach both boys and girls together.

4. Breaking down the artificial barriers between education and business is an important Government aim.

5. Pupils of all age take part in workplace activities .

6. Many polytechnics have close links with in workplace.

Ex.6.Make a conversation based on the text, using the questions.

1. What’s the aim of British education?

2. At what age do children go to nursery education?

3. What age to they start primary school?

4. What stages does the primary education ?

5. What subjects does the curriculum include?

6. When do teachers measure children’s progress in each subject?

7. At what school do children study at the age of 11?

8. How long does their school year last?

9. When is the main school GCSE- examination taken?

10. What happens if children fail all the exams they take at the age of 16?

11. What can they do if they pass all their exams for levels at the age of 18?

12. What content do further education courses include?

Grammar: Future Perfect Tense.

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I shall/will have worked He/she will have worked It will have worked We shall/will have worked You will have worked They will have worked	I shall/will not have worked He/she will not have worked It will not have worked We shall/will not have worked You will not have worked They will not have worked	Shall/will I have worked? Will he/she have worked? Will it have worked? Shall/will we have worked? Will you have worked? Will they have worked?

I’ll have worked. I won’t (shan’t) have worked.

• The Future Perfect denotes an action completed before a definite moment in the future.

He will have finished his work when I call him. He will have finished his work by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

Ex. 7. Put the verb in brackets into the Future Perfect.

1. I (translate) this letter by 6 o'clock this afternoon. 2. After you finish this book, you (learn) over a thousand words. 3. By the end of the month the commission (come) to some decision. 4. If she returns after July 1, I will not see her since I already (go) to the South by the time. 5. He (not, learn) his lesson by tomorrow, if he has not yet begun to study it. 6. I (make) this doll by her birthday.7.This work is so arduous, that I (not/ complete) it in a year’s time.

Ex. 8. Answer the questions in the Future Perfect Tense, using the words in brackets.

Example: Will you still be busy if I call you at 6 o’clock? (finish)

Oh, no, we have finished by that time.

1.Will they still be staying at the hotel tomorrow? (move to their new house)

2.Will you be discussing the plan at 2 o’clock? (make a decision)

3. Will your students be writing a test at 10 in the morning? (finish)

4. Will your brother still be a student next autumn? (graduate)

5. Will you still remember me in five years? (forget)

6. Will he be at home on Sunday? (leave for Scotland)

7. Will she be expecting your call tomorrow morning? (receive my letter)

Ex.9.Put the verb in brackets into the Present Indefinite, the Future Indefinite and the Future Perfect.

1.He (be) here for two hours by the time you (come) back. 2.”It (be) very late.” – “They (be) back soon.”3. “There (be) no planes tonight.” – “Never mind, I (go) by train.” 4. You (be) angry if I (talk) to you about it? 5. By the time you (finish) cooking they (do) their work. 6. “I (be) afraid, my train (leave) by that time.” – “(not/worry), I (drive) you home.”7. I hope it (stop) snowing by tomorrow morning. 8.If you (think) it over you (see) I am right. 9. If you (not/take) a taxi, you (be) late. By the time you (get) to the theatre the first act (be0 over and you (miss) the most interesting dialogues.

Ex.10.Translate into English.

1. К завтрашнему дню я закончу этот отчет. 2. Мы сделаем эту работу к трем часам дня, а потом пойдем в парк. 3. К 20 июня мы сдадим все экзамены. 4. Я напишу это письмо к тому времени как придет секретарь. 5. Поезд уже уйдет к тому времени, когда мы придем на станцию. 6. Она переведет эту статью к понедельнику.7. Брат моего друга закончит занятия в университете к лету, и ему не терпится приступить к работе.8. Я думаю, он станет хорошим специалистом. 9. Завтра он будет работать весь день, а вечером мы пойдем в бассейн, потому что я думаю,что к тому времени он закончит всю свою работу.