• Inclusive: denotes an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. It is used with: -since, for We had

Been climbing for six hours when at last we reached the summit of the mountain.

• Exclusive: denotes an action which was no longer going on at a definite moment in the past, but which had been in progress not long before. Outside everything was in deep snow. It had been snowing hard all night?(not at that moment)

Ex.6.Put the verb in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous.

1. Clouds (gather) all day now rain came down in sheets. 2. “I’ am coming all right, “said Mr. Dilinger, who (shiver) for the last ten minutes. 3. I realized that he had come away with me in order to discuss once more what he already (discuss) for hours with his sister-in-law.4. I slowly released a breath and only then realized that I (hold) it for some time.

Ex.7.Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite, the Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Tense.

1. When I (leave )home, the snow already (stop). 2. It (be) 6 p.m. and Jack (be) tired because he (work) hard all day. 3. He clearly (listen) to our conversation and I (wonder) how much he (hear). 4.She (say) she (teach) at this school for twenty years. 5.He (say) he just (finish) the book he (read) all this time. 6.The postman (come) after lunch and (bring) me a letter which I (expect) for a long time.7.It (rain) since the morning, and the fields (be) quite muddy.

Ex.8.Answer the questions.

Examples: Did you work at your English Yesterday? – Yes, I did.

How long had you been working at your English before you went for a walk?(for an hour )- I had been working at my English for an hour.

1.Did it rain yesterday?........ . How long had it been raining when you left home?(for 3 hours)....... . 2. Did she work at the University before she retired?......... . How long had she been working there before she retired?(for 25 years).... . 3. Did you stay at the hotel when you were in London?........ . How long had you been living there when Jane arrived?(for a fortnight)..... .4. Did they study French before they went to France?...... . How long had they been studying it before they went there?(for 5 years ).... 5. Did they work on their book last year?....... . How had they been working on it before they sent it to the publishing house?(for 2 years).... .

Ex.9.Make up sentences according to the pattern.

Example: You come home. Your children were watching television.(they/ not/ do/ any work)-They hadn’t been doing any work.

1.Brother and sister came home with angry faces.(they/ quarrel/ on the way home) 2. There was nobody in the flat. But a delicious smell of fresh bread was in the air.(Mother /bake bread) 3. Mary closed her eyes. She felt very tired. (she/ read/ too long) 4. You came home from a party. You were nearly dropping on your feet.(you /dance/ all night) 5. When I looked at my typewriter, I saw a sheet of paper in it.(somebody/ use/ my typewriter)

Ex.10. Put the verb in brackets into the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous.

1. When I (get) home that evening, my little son(eat) dinner himself for the first time.2. My sister’s wedding (be) the only thing everybody (talk) at home for the last two weeks. 3. They (go) back to the hotel and up to their suite, where they (expect) the inspector at six – thirty.4. Presently he (turn) to look at the corner where she (stand). 5. He just(leave)for the airport when I (call). 6.” Who are you thinking of?” he (ask) after he (look) at me for a few seconds.7.They stand in the open front doorway, waiting for her to come in out of the rain.8. Nobody (know) where Smith (go). 9.When he (come) back to the conference room, he (see) that the situation (change).

Ex.11. Translate into English.

1.Гости ушли. Теперь они сидели перед камином в гостиной. 2. Люди, которых она встречала по дороге домой, улыбались ей и спрашивали, как она провела отпуск.3. Я думаю, он показал мне около тридцати картин. Это был результат шести лет ,в течение которых он рисовал. 4.Она изучала искусство рисования три года, прежде чем стала работать в издательстве. Когда я попросил ее сделать иллюстраций к моей книге, она заканчивала иллюстрировать свою первую книгу.5. Не успели они проехать и пяти миль, как их остановила полиция.6. Мистер Мэтлок посмотрел на своего сына, его взгляд смягчился.7. Буря утихла, небо прояснилось, и опять светило солнце.

Unit 6.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA.

Text: Higher Education

Grammar: Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Практические цели: ознакомление с лексическим материалом по теме ”Education in the USA”, практиковать студентов в устной речи по теме урока и введение и обобщение грамматического материала “ Future Perfect Continuous Tense ”.

Higher Education

Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher edu­cation. A college at a leading university might receive applica­tions from two per cent of these high school graduates, and then accept only one out of every ten who apply. Successful applicants at such colleges are usually chosen on the basis of a) their high school records; b) recommendations from their high school teachers; c) their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs).

The system of higher education in the United States com­prises three categories of institutions: 1) the university, which may contain a) several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor's (four-year) degree and b) one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor's degree to obtain a master's or a doctoral degree, 2) the technical training institutions at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling through business accounting to com­puter programming; and 3) the two-year, or community col­lege, from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges.

Any of these institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. Some universities and colleges have, over time, gained reputa­tions for offering particularly challenging courses and for pro­viding their students with a higher quality of education. The factors determining whether an institution is one of the best or one of the lower prestige are quality of the teaching faculty; quality of research facilities; amount of funding available for libraries, special programs, etc.; and the competence and num­ber of applicants for admission, i. e. how selective the institu­tion can be in choosing its students.

The most selective are the old private north-eastern univer­sities, commonly known as the Ivy League, include Harvard Radcliff, (Cambridge, Mass., in the urban area of Boston), Yale University (New Haven, Conn, between Boston and New York), Columbia College (New York), Princeton University (New Jersey), Brown University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, University of Pennsylvania. With their traditions and long established reputations they occupy a position in Ameri­can university life rather like Oxford and Cambridge in Eng­land, particularly Harvard and Yale.

The Ivy League Universi­ties are famous for their graduate schools, which have become intellectual elite centers. In defence of using the examinations as criteria for admis­sion, administrators say that the SATs provide a fair way for deciding whom to admit when they have ten or twelve appli­cants for every first-year student seat. In addition to learning about a college/university's entrance requirements and the fees, Americans must also know the fol­lowing: Professional degrees such as a Bachelor of Law (LL.A.) or a Bachelor of Divinity (B.D.) take additional three years of study and require fist B.A. or B.S. to be earned by a student.

Gradual schools in America award Master's and Doctor's degrees in both the arts and sciences. Tuition for these programs is high. The courses for most graduate degrees can be completed in two or four years. A thesis is required for a Master's degree; a Doctor's degree requires a minimum of two years of course work beyond the Master's degree level, success in a qualifying examination, proficiency in one or two foreign languages and/or in a research tool (such as statistics) and completion of a doctoral dissertation.

The number of credits awarded for each course relates to the number of hours of work involved. At the undergraduate level а student generally takes about five three-hour a week courses every semester. (Semesters usually run from September to early January and late January to late May.) Credits are earned by attending lectures (or lab classes) and by successfully completing assignments and examinations. One credit usually equals one hour of class per week in a single course. A three- credit course in Linguistics, for example, could involve one hour of lectures plus two hours of seminars every week. Most students complete 10 courses per an academic year and it usually takes them four years to complete a bachelor's degree requirement of about 40 three-hour courses or 120 credits.

In the American higher education system credits for the academic work are transferable among universities. A student can accumulate credits at one university, transfer them to a second and ultimately receive a degree from there or a third university.

Topical vocabulary

1.score балл

2.to сom­prise охватывать,заключать (в себе)

3.to contain содержать

4.to seek искать

5.to account считать

6. source источник

7.to gain приобретать

8.to challenge вызывать

9.to establish устанавливать

10.reputation репутация

11.to occupy занимать

12.particularly особенно

13.criteria критерий

14.to admit принимать

15.in addition вдобавок

16.entrance поступление

17.requirement требование

18.fee плата

19.award вознаграждение

20.proficiency опыт

21.involved сложный

22.to earn зарабатывать, заслуживать

23. to equal приравнивать

24.to accumulate накапливать

25.ultimately окончательно

Ex.1. Suggest the Russian for:

1.successful applicants 10. established reputations

2.their scores on the SATs 11.entrance requirements

3.the system com­prises three categories 12.fee

4.to obtain a master's degree 13.proficiency

5.the source of its funding 14.award

6.challenging courses 15.successfully

7.higher quality of education 16.the number of credits

8.amount of funding 17.to be earned by a student

9.they occupy a position 18.to be famous for

Ex.2. Suggest the English for the words in brackets. Read the whole sentence and translate it into Russian.

1.A college at а (ведущий )university might receive (заявления ) from two per cent of these high school graduates, and then (принимать) only one out of every ten who apply.

2.(Успешные) applicants (в таких )colleges are usually chosen (на базе) of a) their high school records; b) (рекомендаций ) from their high school teachers;

3.( Система высшего образования) in the United States (охватывает )three categories of institutions: 1) the university, which may (содержать) a) several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a (степень бакалавра) and b) one or more graduate schools (для тех) continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor's degree (получить,приобретать) a master's or a doctoral degree.

4.Any of these institutions, in (любой категорий), might be either (общественный или частный), depending on the source of its funding.

5.Some universities and colleges have, over time, gained reputa­tions for offering particularly challenging courses and for pro­viding their students ( высшим качеством образования).

6.The factor determining whether an institution is (один из лучших) or (один из) the lower prestige is quality of the teaching faculty.

Ex.3.Give nouns corresponding to the following verbs.

to account,to establish, to admit,to require,to involve, to accumulate,

to select,to decide,to graduate,to examine,to enter, to complete,to assign.

Ex.4. Find in the text the factors which determine the choice by in individual of this or that college or university.

Ex.5. Answer the questions on the text and summarize the text in three paragraphs.

1.What are the admission requirements tо the colleges and universities?

2.What are the three types of schools in higher education?

3.What degrees are offered by schools of higher learning in the USA? What are the requirements

for each of these degrees?

4.What are the peculiarities of the curricula offered by a college or a university?

5.What is a credit in the US system of higher education?

6.How many credits must an undergraduate student earn to receive a bachelor's degree? How can

then be earned?

Grammar: The Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

Have been + - ing (Participle I)

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I shall have been working He will have been working She will have been working It will have been working We shall have been working You will have been working They will have been working	I shall have not been working He will not have been working She will not have been working It will not have been working We shall not have been working You will not have been working They will not have been working	Shall I have been working? Will he have been working? Will she have been working? Will it have been working ? Shall we have been working? Will you have been working? Will they have been working?