144 D.P. Foley

Conclusions

Translational research is a viable and rapidly expanding field of research that allows the surgeon to identify molecular sig- natures or novel biomarkers for a given disease process that he or she manages clinically. Surgeons have the unique ability to identify the critical challenges in patient management, ask the appropriate research questions, and bring those questions to the laboratory for testing. Technologies for genomics, pro- teomics, and metabolomics are available and constantly improving so that scientists can continue to unravel the rela- tionships of molecular signatures and protein biomarkers with disease. The development of a successful translational research program requires collaboration with a group of cli- nicians and scientists with the skills to develop an effective methodological strategy. In addition, the team needs to have the technical expertise to carry out the high-throughput, bio- chemical and molecular studies and analyses that can be cor- related with clinical outcomes. The surgeon-scientist can be the leader of this collaborative team. The development of a robust translational research program is a viable and reward- ing career path that can lead to success in academic surgery.

References

1.Transforming Translation-Harnessing Discovery for Patient and Public Benefit. Report of the Translational Research Working Group of the National Cancer Advisory Board. 2007.

2.Gerber DE, Minna JD.ALK inhibition for non-small cell lung cancer: from discovery to therapy in record time. Cancer Cell. 2010;18: 548-551.

3.Tusher VG, Tibshirani R, Chu G. Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.

2001;98:5116-5121.

4.Harring TR, Guiteau JJ, Nguyen NT, et al. Building a comprehensive genomic program for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg. 2011;

35(8):1746-50

Chapter 9.  Translational Research and New Approaches 145

5.Dowell JA, Frost DC, Zhang J, Li L. Comparison of two-dimensional fractionation techniques for shotgun proteomics. Anal Chem.

2008;80:6715-6723.

6.Nelson PR, O’Malley KA, Feezor RJ, et al. Genomic and proteomic determinants of lower extremity revascularization failure: rationale and study design. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45(suppl A):A82-A91.

7.Tweedle EM, Khattak I, Ang CW, et al. Low molecular weight heat shock protein HSP27 is a prognostic indicator in rectal cancer but not colon cancer. Gut. 2010;59:1501-1510.

8.Ren F, Wu H, Lei Y, et al. Quantitative proteomics identification of phosphoglycerate mutase 1 as a novel therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer. 2010;9:81.

Selected Readings

Beger RD, Sun J, Schnackenberg LK. Metabolomics approaches for discovering biomarkers of drug-induecd hepatotoxicity and nephro- toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharm. 2010;243:154-166.

Cobb JP, Mindrinos MN, Miller-Graziano C, et al. Application of genome-wide expression analysis to human health and disease. PNAS. 2005;102(13):4801-4806.

Hirschhorn JN, Lohmueller K, Byrne E, et al. A comprehensive review of genetic association studies. Genet Med. 2002;4(2):45-61.

Hocquette JF. Where are we in genomics? J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005;56(Supp 3):37-70.

McDunn JE, Chung P, Laramie JM, et al. Surgical research review: physiologic genomics. Surgery. 2006;139(2):133-139.

Chapter 10

How to Write and Revise

a Manuscript for Peer-Review Publication

Melina R. Kibbe

Keywords Manuscript • Revision • Writing • Organization

Introduction

Writing is often regarded as an unfavorable or difficult task, and is frequently left to the last minute out of dislike, lack of confidence, or lack of know-how. However, writing can be fun, and the fruits of your labor can have substantial benefits. The purpose of this chapter is to convey to the reader why it is important to write, especially in academia, and why it is important to learn how to write and revise manuscripts well. Specifically, this chapter will address how to get started writing, including where and when to write and how to choose the appropriate journal, how to write a manuscript for peerreview publication, the order in which to write the manuscript sections, and provide detailed suggestions for how to write each section. This chapter will also address the importance of

M.R. Kibbe

Division of Vascular Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School

of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

H. Chen and L.S. Kao (eds.), Success in Academic Surgery,

147

DOI 10.1007/978-0-85729-313-8_10,

© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2012