Английский язык для горных инженеров

reduced to the two main types. The depth and the shape of the deposit influence the choice of the method of working. 4. As is known, in Belgium all the faces are short now, in Great Britain they amount to 84 per cent. 5. In Australian collieries shortwall faces are widely used. 6. The room-and- pillar method is characterized by the absence of any development openings. 7. N. Chinakal worked out the shield method of mining which is used in the Kuzbas. 8. High-capacity monitors win coal and transport it hydraulically right to the surface.

*X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What factors does mining depend on? 2. What is mining? 3. What are the most important factors which affect the choice of the method of working? 4. Do short faces or long faces predominate in the USSR? What can you say about the Ruhr coal-field? 5. Is Canada developing shortwall faces or longwall faces? What can you say about the USA? 6. What are the main disadvantages of shortwall faces? 7. What are the two main methods of working? 8. What is the main advantage of long continuous faces? 9. What methods of mining long faces do you know? 10. What method of mining is characterized by the absence of development openings?

XI. а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу:

I. development face					1.	сплошная	система		раз-
II. great losses						работки
					2.	выемка целиков
Ill . the main advantage of					3.	подготовительный			забой
the	shield		method	of
mining
IV. continuous			mining		4.	большие потери
V. longwall		advancing		to	5.	удовлетворять		требова-
the	dip					ниям
VI. the	room-and-pillar				6.	зависеть	от геологиче-
method		of	mining			ских условий
VII. to	open	up	a deposit		7.	выемка лавами		прямым
						ходом по	падению
VIII. pillar mining					8.	основное	преимущество
						щитовой	системы		раз-
IX. to satisfy the require-						работки
					9.	вскрывать	месторожде-
ments						ние

190

X. to depend		upon		the	10.	камерно-столбовая сис-
geological		conditions				тема		разработки
б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих
слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу:
I, включать		(в себя)			1.	safety
II. выемка	лавами			об-	2.	annual output
ратным	ходом				3.	to	involve
III. достигать		50%
IV. превышать		60%			4.	to propose a new meth-
						od	of mining
V. безопасность					5.	longwall			retreating
VI. годовая	добыча				6.	in	connection			with dif-
						ficulties
VII. основной		недостаток			7.	to	exceed		60	per cent
системы	разработки				8.	notwithstanding (in spite
VIII. под-этаж
IX. крутопадающий пласт						of)
					9.	to reach 50 per cent
X. щитовая система раз-					10.	the		main	disadvantage
работки						of the method of mining
XI. предложить			новый		11.	sublevel
способ разработки
XII. в связи с трудностя-					12.	the shield method of min-
ми						ing
XIII. несмотря	на				13.	open		up	a deposit
XIV. вскрывать		месторож-			14.	steep		seam
дение
XII. Заполните пропуски в предложениях,						используя следующие сло-
ва. Проверьте себя по ключу:
I. advantage,		II.	disadvantage,			III.		advantageous
1. As is known, the ... of long continuous faces is that
they permit an	almost			100 per	cent	of	recovery of			mineral.

2. Hydraulic mining is practised extensively at a number of Soviet collieries. It is one of the ... methods of mining. 3. As for the room-and-pillar method one must say that this method of mining is seldom practised in the Soviet Union because it has some ...s. 4. One of these ...s is that the pillars between

the rooms are partly extracted.			Only under particularly good
conditions they	are	completely	extracted. Thus, the method
is characterized	by	high losses	of coal.

191

XIII. Переведите на английский язык сочетаний с предлогами 4'реги

(в, на) и "instead (of)" (взамен, вместо):

в сутки; в месяц; на тонну; вместо закладки; вместо камерно-столбовой системы разработки

XIV. Образуйте от данных в списке Б инфинитивов глаголы в страдательном залоге и подберите к ним соответствующие по смыслу существительные из списка А. Проверьте себя по ключу:

О б р а з е ц : Б. to classify; A. mining methods -» Mining

methods are classified...

A.	1)	useful minerals, 2) roof, 3) shaft, 4) levels and
drifts,	5)seam, 6) specialists,		7)deposits,	8)reserves, ^ e q u i p -
ment,	10)	requirements, 11)	methods
Б.	I.	to manufacture, II. to disturb, III. to discover,
IV. to	improve, V. to train, VI. to drive,			VII. to sink, VIII.

to prospect for, IX. to support, X. to satisfy, XI. to estimate

XV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные значения

	и	функции		глагола "to be":
	1.	The	various		methods	of	mining	involve		production
faces		which	are	either long (longwall) or short (shortwall) or
room-and-pillar. 2. Until mining machines were										developed,
short		faces predominated. 3. The aim was to reduce the volume
of development work by using the longwall									method. 4.		Some
disadvantages				of	shortwall	work are		a	considerable		loss
of mineral which may reach						and	exceed	40 per cent, and the
difficulty of ventilation. 5.						In	gassy mines each			face	with
its	development workings is					to be ventilated with its own
air	current. 6. Cutter-loaders					are being widely applied under-

ground now because these machines are the most progressive means for mechanizing coal winning. 7. It is necessary to study all the factors which influence the choice of the mining method. 8. There are special methods of extracting seams which are close together (сближенные). 9. The shield method of mining is to be introduced in thick seams, dipping at an angle of not less than 55-60°, with regular occurrence and hard coal.

XVI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на разные способы выражения отрицания:

1. As the longwall method permits an almost 100 per cent recovery of coal, all the seam is extracted and there is no coal left in the form of pillars, except the shaft pillar. 2. No fissures were found. 3. We do not use the room-and-pillar meth-

192

od on a wide scale because it is characterized by high losses of coal. 4. Nothing was said about special ways of extracting seams. 5. In manless faces no men operate the machines, you can see nobody in such faces as all the processes are fully automated. 6. A level is a horizontal road with no direct access to the surface, driven parallel to the strike in sloping beds, or at any direction to the strike in horizontal beds.

XVII. Соедините главные предложения с придаточными. Проверьте себя по ключу:

I. In the Soviet Union hydraulic mining is undergoing extensive trials in various coal-fields

II.The aim of hydraulic mining is to remove coal by the monitors

III. At present thick seams are extracted to full thickness up to 4.5 m thick

IV. In	shield	mining		coal
is delivered to the low-
er	working by gravity
V. In	the	pillar	method
the	solid mass of min-
eral is divided			by	de-
velopment openings				in-
to	pillars

VI. The metal-bearing mass will be worked by underground mining

1. in	case it		is	tabular as
a	bed	or	vein	and	goes
to	a	great	distance		be-
neath		the surface.

2.so that additional haulage is not required.

3.which are later recovered or robbed during face operations.

4.as it is one of the most economic and advantageous methods of coal getting.

5.which win coal and trans-

port	it		hydraulically
from	the		place of work
right	to	the surface.
6. if they		are	steep.

XVIII. Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста 9Б, используя следующие разговорные формулы:

on the contrary; to my mind; in my opinion; as far as I know; as is known; I'd like to stress that; I'd like to say that; let us consider

1. We say that the method of mining is rational if it guarantees only safety of the men and maximum output of mineral. 2. It is rather difficult to define which method of mining (longwall or shortwall) is more often used in the USSR. 3. The shield method of mining is used where short faces are

13—2132

193

worked. It is used in all the coal-fields of the USSR. 4. The problem of extracting thick seams is not difficult. As a rule, such seams are not extracted to full thickness. 5. In applying hydraulic mining powerful cutter-loaders win coal and transport it to the surface.

*XIX. Перескажите вкратце текст 9Б. При пересказе ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What does the method of mining mineral deposits underground involve? 2. What main requirements should mining methods satisfy? 3. What types of production faces do the methods of mining include? 4. What can you say about

their application	in	different	coal-producing	countries?
5. What methods	of	mining are	practised in the	Kuznetsk
coal-field?

XX.Опишите коротко систему разработки месторождений полезных ископаемых, которая применяется на шахтах одного из бассейнов нашей страны. (Используйте известные вам разговорные формулы (§ 89).

XXI. Расскажите вашим друзьям о посещении шахты по следующему плану, используя слова в скобках:

1. The Location of the Mine, Its Geological Conditions (folds, faults, disturbances, depth, seams, thick, sloping, steep, inclined). Try to explain why underground mining is used there. 2. The Type of the Deposit (tabular, bedded, vein). 3. The Method of Mining (longwall, room-and-pillar). 4. Mine Workings, Their Functions (vertical, horizontal, inclined). 5. Average Output (annual, daily).

Ill

I.Прочитайте заголовок и аннотацию к тексту 9В и скажите, о чем говорится в тексте 9В.

II.Прочитайте текст и скажите, как ведется борьба с метаном на шахтах Карагандинского угольного бассейна.

Слова для понимания текста:
goaf — завал;	обрушенное	пространство; double-ended drum
hearer — комбайн	с двойным	барабаном

ТЕКСТ 9В

MINING THICK SEAMS

Longwall retreating is one of the primary methods of mining in many coal mining areas. There is a high degree of mechanization, and mine safety is recieving an increasing amount of emphasis.

194

Thick seam coal mining is important in the Soviet Union. Many high-quality coal seams exceed 35 metres (12 feet) in thickness — the normally accepted classification for a thick seam (although this varies in different countries). Some of these thick seams are of key importance in major Soviet mining basins. Seam thickness is the most significant factor which is taken into account in mining practice. The increasing of strata movement with increasing seam thickness requires not only specialized extraction techniques, but also highly specialized ground control and support methods. This is certainly true of the coal basins where coal seams are gassy and the majority of coal is liable to spontaneous combustion. Coal seams occur at a depth of between 350 and 710 metres (1,150 and 2,330 feet).

Longwall retreating is the primary method	of mining at
the collieries with more than 98 per cent of the	total output.

Application of a mining method with the coal face being advanced down the dip is steadily expanding; shortwall pillar extraction with power loaders is being successfully employed.

Coal faces and development headings are equipped with

instruments	for automatic gas protection and centralized tel-
emonitoring	of	methane	content. Data on gas conditions
in development		headings	which are particularly dangerous

from the viewpoint	of methane content, and in all coal faces
are transmitted to	the	mine dispatcher's control panel.		In
order to reduce gas content			in mine workings, extensive	use
is made of preliminary		gas	drainage of the coal seams,	gas
drainage of roofs to be caved			and also the goaf.

The main trend in mine transport is towards high-capaci- ty automatic conveyer systems. In underground workings transport of men and materials is by high-capacity electric locomotives; in incline roadways by ropeways, floor-mounted haulage und up-to-date hoisting installations.

The mining district is usually developed by mine shafts. The mining method is longwall retreating along the strike and down the dip. The mining area is divided into two blocks east and west. In the eastern block, the panels are mined down the dip, in the western block, mining takes place along the strike. The faces are 200 metres long and operate along the

strike of the seam. Sandstone forms the immediate					roof	and
floor of the seam. Each				face is mining a 3.5-metre	thick	sec-
tion	of	coal, and a	0.5	to 0.8 metre thick pillar	(band) of
coal	is	left between	two	panels to form the roof of	the lower

face.

13*

195

Each face		is	equipped with a double-ended drum	shearer.
The	drums	are	1.8 metres in diameter and a 0.6-metre
web	of coal.	The	leading drum cuts the top section of the
face,	and the	trailing drum cuts the bottom section.		Water

jets are fitted to the drums for dust suppression. Coal passes along Ihe face on the armoured face conveyer to the crusher installed at the main gate end of the conveyer, which reduces

the size of the coal before it		is delivered to a	beam stage
loader in the main gate.
The faces are operated on two production shifts and one
maintenance	shift per day.
Each face is supported by		shield supports.
It should	be stressed that	special attention	is paid to

underground methane drainage. The methane is pumped through pipes first to the tail gate and then through the mine

gate to	the upcast	shafts and then to the surface, where it
is used	for heating.	Two sensors for continuously monitoring

the emission of CH4 are situated in the top panel, one in the

main gate,	and	the other in the tail		gate. These		are	placed
20 metres in front of the face. The control room at						the	mine's
surface automatically			monitors and	records	CH4	emissions
throughout	the	mine.
In coal face and development operations, use is made of
current forecasting of the liability to				sudden	outbursts, that
is, establishing dangerous and non-dangerous					zones.
All coal	faces are		equipped with	mechanized		complexes,

comprising power loaders. In underground haulage roadways, use is made of high-capacity belt and apron conveyers. Coal is hoisted to the surface through two skip shafts. Monorails are widely used on levels for transport of materials and equipment to coal faces and development headings. Some of production processes are automatic.

III.Разделите текст 9B на логические части. Озаглавьте каждую часть текста.

IV. Выделите ключевые слова в каждом абзаце текста 9В. Сформулируйте основную мысль абзаца по ключевым словам.

V. Составьте реферат по следующему плану:

1. Подземная механизация в забоях на шахте. 2. Способы борьбы с метаном. 3. Транспортные средства, используемые на шахте.

VI. Уточните	интересущую	вас информацию по содержанию текста
у своих	друзей (8 — 10	вопросов).

196

VII. Обсудите следующие проблемы:

1. Thick seam mining and problems connected with their recovery. 2. Mechanization used in mining thick seams. 3. Underground methane drainage problems.

КЛЮЧИ

К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ УРОКА 9

I

Т е к с т

А. Упр. VII —

1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8. Упр. IX а) — 1/4, II/6,

III/5,

IV/1,

V/8,

VI/7,

VI1/9,

VIII/10, IX/2,

Х/3.

б) — 1/4,

II/2,

III/9,

IV/7,

V/10,

VI/8,

VII/6,

VIII/3,

IX/5,

Х/1.

Упр. X —

1/1II,

2/XII,

3/XI11, 4/УП1, 5/1, 6/V, 7/IV,

8/IX,

9/VI,

10/XI,

11/Х, 12/VII,

13/II-

Упр. XI а) — 1/Ш, 2/11,

3/1, 4/II,

5 / Ш , 6/11,

7 / Ш

. Упр.

XIII — 1/3,

11/5,

III/4,

1V/6, V/2,

VI/1.

II

Т е к с т

Б.

Упр.

IX — 2, 3, 5,

7, 8. Упр. XI а) — 1/3,

И/4,

III/8,

IV/1,

V/7,

VI/10,

VI1/9, VII1/2, IX/5, Х/6.

б / — 1/3,

II/5,

Ш/9,

IV/7, V/l, VI/2, VII/10, VIII/1I, IX/14, Х/12, XI/4, XII/6, XI11/8,

XIV/13.

Упр. XII — 1/1, 2/III,

3/II, 4/II.

Упр. XIV —

1/III,

VIII,

2/IX,

3/VII,

4/VI, 5/II,

6/V, 7/Ш, 8/XI, 9/1, 10/Х,

11/IV.

Упр.

XVII

-

1/4,

11/5,

III/6,

IV/2, V/3,

VI/1.

УРОК ю

OPEN-CAST MINING

I

Грамматика: Самостоятельный причастный оборот (The Absolute Participle Construction) — § 6 9 . Выражение модальности в английском языке — §§ 37, 38, 44—47.

I. Запомните следующие слова и сочетания слов:

break [breik]

v

(broke

[brouk],

explode

[iks'ploud]

v

взрывать,

broken

['broukn])

отбивать

подрывать;

explosion

[iks-

(уголь

или

породу),

обрушать

'plou3n]

n

взрыв;

explosive

n

кровлю;

разбивать; ломать; п

взрывчатое вещество; а взрыв-

отбойка,

обрушение;

break

чатый

out

отбивать,

производить

friable

['fraiabl j

а

рыхлый;

выемку

(руды

или

породы);

хрупкий;

рассыпчатый;

сла-

расширять

забой;

breakage п

бый

(о кровле)

разрыхление,

дробление

handle

['hasndl]

v

перегружать;

drill [dril]

п

бур;

перфоратор;

доставлять;

транспортиро-

бурильный

молоток;

сверло;

вать;

управлять

машиной;

п

v бурить;

car

drill

буровая

ручка;

рукоять;

скоба;

handl-

тележка; mounted drill перфо-

ing п

подача;

погрузка;

пере-

ратор

на

колонке;

колонковый

кидка,

доставка;

транспорти-

бурильный

молоток; drilling п

ровка;

обращение

с машиной

бурение

heap [hi:p] v наваливать; нагре-

dump [dAmp]

п

отвал

(породы);

бать;

п породный

отвал,

тер-

склад

угля;

опрокид;

exter-

риконик;

syn

spoil

heap, waste

nal dump внешний

отвал; In-

heap

ternal dump внутренний от-

hydraulicking

[,hai'dr3:likit)]

n

вал; v

сваливать

(в

отвал);

гидродобыча;

гидромеханизи-

разгружать;

отваливать;

опро-

рованная

разработка

кидывать

(вагонетку);

dumper

lorry ['bri]

n

грузовик;

плат-

опрокид;

самосвал;

отвалооб-

форма; syn

truck

разователь;

dumping

п

опро-

load [loud]

v

нагружать,

гру-

кидывание;

опорожнение;

оп-

зить,

наваливать;

n груз; на-

рокид;

syn

tip

грузка; loader п

погрузочная

198

машина, навалочная машина, перегружатель; грузчик; cut- ter-loader комбайн, комбинированная горная машина

mention ['menjn] v упоминать overcasting ['ouvs'ka:stig] n пе-

релопачивание (породы)

pump [рлтр] n насос; gravel pump песковый насос; sludge pump шламовый насос; v качать; накачивать; откачивать sidecasting ['saidkcustio] п

внешнее отвалообразование reclamation ['rekla'meijn] п восстановление; осушение; извлечение крепи; reclamation о! land восстановление участка

(после открытых работ)

site [sait] п участок, место; building site строительная площадка

slice [slais] я слой; slicing я

выемка			слоями,			разработка
слоями
strip		[strip]		v		производить
вскрышные				работы;			разраба-
тывать;			очищать			(лаву);			вы-
нимать			породу		или		руду; я
полоса;			stripper п				забойщик;
вскрышной				экскаватор;					strip-
ping		я	открытая			разработка,
открытые				горные				работы;
вскрыша; вскрытие							наносов
unit	['ju:nit]			я	агрегат;				уста-
новка;			устройство;					прибор;
узел;		секция;			деталь;				маши-
на;	механизм;				единица				изме-
рения;			участок
washery ['wajori]					п	углемойка;
рудомойка;				моечный			цех
to attract			smb's		attention				при-
влекать чье-л. внимание
not	to		mention		... не			говоря
уже		о ...

И.Переведите на русский язык слова с префиксом "de-", имеющим отрицательное значение:

deformation, demagnetization, demobilization, dewater-

i n g

III.Определите rio суффиксу, какой частью речи являются следующие слова. Переведите их:

dig — digger — digging; dump — dumper — dumping;

explode — explosion — explosive;		strip — stripper — strip-
ping;	wash — washing — washery,	consume — consuming;
depend	— dependent — dependence — independence; ex-

plore—exploration — exploring — exploratory; produce — production — productive — product — productivity — producer; friable — friability; remove — removal — removable — removing; load — unload — loader — loading — unloading

IV. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:

strip mines; waste heaps; independent mechanical units; exploratory workings; access to the deposit; earth-moving equipment; handling equipment; car drills; mine cars; gravel and sludge pumps; friable ground; removal of waste rock; overburden removal; ore concentration plants; an extracted area; trends towards open-cast operations; low-grade deposits; searching for minerals; land reclamation

199