Английский язык для горных инженеров

б) Найдите в тексте 5А предложения, в которых сказуемые выражены модальными глаголами с инфинитивом в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения.

*XXIII. а) Перескажите вкратце текст 5А по плану, используя слова, данные в скобках:

1. The three main groups of the rocks of

the

Earth's

crust

and their

origin,

(to

be divided

into,

to

consist

of,

to

solidify,

to be

formed)

2.

Sedimentary

rocks. The

formation

of

mechanical

sediments.

The rocks

formed by

the

destruc-

tive

action of

water and

wind, (to

make

up,

to

originate,

stratified,

to be formed,

to

account

for, to

be

the

result

o f )

3.

The formation of chemical sediments. The

rocks

formed

by

the

destructive

chemical

action

of

water,

(to

be

the

re-

sult

of,

to be formed

through,

to be dissolved

in).

4. The forma-

tion of organic sediments. The rocks formed by the accumu-

lation	of plant	remains	or	animal	relics,	(to be formed by,
to be	called, to	serve as	an	example,	to	include).

б) Расскажите об осадочных породах, используя следующую схему:

Sedimentary Rocks

mechanical			chemical		organic
sediments			sediments		sediments
the destructive			the	destructive	the	action	of the decay
mechanical			chemical action		of	the remains of
action	of water,		of	water	organisms
wind,	etc.
	I
unconsolidated		consolidated		rock salt,		coal,	peat,
(uncemented)		(firmly сетей-		gypsum		mineral	oil
particles		ted)	particles
sand,	clay,	sandstones
gravel

в) Подготовьте сообщение на тему "Sedimentary Rocks", используя следующий план:

1. The characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks. 2. Sediments (mechanical, chemical, organic) and their formation. 3. The practical value of sedimentary rocks.

100

II

Грамматика:	Особенности употребления страдательного залога
в английском	языке — § 58.	Количественные местоимения ma-
ny, much, little, few — § 33.		Наречие —§ 72—74. Обстоятель-

ственные придаточные предложения времени и причины — § 86.

1. Запомните следующие слова и сочетания слов:

contain [kon'tein] v содержать

(iв себе), вмещать

contract [kan'trsekt] v сжимать-

ся;	сокращать(ся)								щель;
crack	(krak|			п	трещина;
v давать			трещину;					трескать-
ся,	раскалываться
dust [dAst]			п	пыль			расширять-
expand		[iks'paend]				v
ся);	увеличивать(ся)							в объе-
ме;	ant		contract						(в по-
fissure	['fija]			n	трещина
роде,		угле);		расщелина;					щель
fracture		['fraekt^aj				п		трещина;
излом; разрыв;						v	ломать(ся);
раздроблять					(породу)				замо-
freeze	[fri:z]			v	замерзать;
раживать;				застывать				постепен-
gradual		['oraedjual]					а
ный; gradually						adv	постепенно
hard [ha:d]				а	твердый,				жест-
кий;		ant	soft; тяжелый						(о ра-
боте);			adv		сильно,			упорно;
hardly adv едва, с трудом
hole [houl] п					отверстие;				сква-
жина; шпур;					шурф		п	влияние;
influence			['mfluans]

v (on, upon) влиять (на что-л.) occur [э'кэ:] v залегать; случаться; происходить; syn take place, happen; occurrence [a'kArans] n залегание; mode of occurrence условия залега-

ния

penetrate ['penitreit] v проникать (внутрь), проходить через (что-л.)

phenomenon [fi'narmnan] п явление; п pi phenomena

pressure ['prej'aj п давление; lateral pressure буковое (горизонтальное) давление; rock pressure горное давление, давление породы

rate [reit] п степень, темп; скорость, норма; производительность; сорт; syn speed, velocity

refer	[ri'fa:]		v		(to)		ссылаться
(на что-л.); относиться								(к пе-
риоду,		классу)
resist	[ri'zist]			v сопротивляться;
противостоять;						противодей-
ствовать; resistance							[ri'zistans]
п	сопротивление;						resistant
[ri'zistant]			а		стойкий;			проч-
ный;		сопротивляющийся
size	[saiz] п		размер;				величина;
класс		(угля)				п	раствор;
solution		[sa'ln:f(a)n]
soluble ('soljublj						а	раствори-
мый;		solvent		['salvant]				п раст-
воритель;			а	растворяющий
succession [sak'sej(a)n]							п	после-
довательность,						непрерывный
ряд;		in succession					последова-

тельно

undergo [;Anda'cjou] (underwent, undergone) v испытывать

(что-л.), подвергаться (че- му-л.)

uniform ['ju:nifa:m] а однородный; одинаковый

weathering ['we&ario] n выветривание; эрозия

to be subjected to подвергаться

(воздействию, влиянию и т. д.)

II. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов.		Переведите		их:
the contraction and expansion	of	rocks;	the	destruction
of rocks; the destructive action	of water;		lateral pressure;
the solvent action of water; physical and chemical				weathering;

101

under the influence of heat; the consolidation of sediments;

fine-grained sand; to be of unequal	hardness;	at an	equal
rate; natural waters; external and	internal	forces;	mine

safety; the methods of prospecting available today; the accurate recording of observations; considerable transformations; hard conditions; hard rocks; the Earth's surface; hardly

noticeable	cracks;		mode of	occurrence;		bedded	deposits;
the layers	of	oil
III. Определите		значения выделенных			слов по	сходству	их корней
с корнями		соответствующих		слов	в русском	языке:
active	processes;		physical	or mechanical weathering; the

change in temperature; different minerals; varied forms;

chemical agents;			complex	changes;		the	disintegration of
rocks; cold climate; high mountain peaks;							living	organisms;
to accelerate	the		destruction of		rocks
IV. а) Переведите		на	русский	язык	существительные			с суффиксом
"-ness":
hardness,	thickness, softness,				effectiveness,			darkness
б) Заполните пропуски в предложениях существительными,									обра-
зованными	от	выделенных		прилагательных:
1. Soft rocks		(mudstone,		clay) are		easily penetrated			with

a tool and do not greatly resist the separation of a part from

the mass. The main property of such rocks							is ... . 2. Hard
rocks	may	be	strong		(sandstone,	granite,	magnetite)	and
very	strong	(quartzite,			diabase, etc.). These		rocks have the
highest resistance to penetration with a tool. Their								main
property is		...	. 3.	The	coal seam is	thick and its ... is		more
than	three	metres.		4.	The modern equipment is effective.
Its ... is greater than					that of the	old one.

V.Определите значение слова "rate" в контексте:

1.The electronic industry is being developed at a rapid rate. 2. Special instruments make it possible to control reaction rates at high temperatures. 3. As rocks are composed of different minerals of unequal hardness, their rates of disintegration are not equal too. 4. The plant has been

equipped with the first-rate equipment.

VI. Прочитайте следующий текст. Найдите в каждом предложении группу «подлежащее — сказуемое». Переведите предложения в страдательном залоге:

The book	Planet Earth,	an Encyclopedia of Geology	is
often referred	to because it	gives much information on	the

102

geological history of the Earth, the rocks of Earth, the pro-

cesses which occur in the Earth, etc.			For example,	sedimenta-
ry rocks	form	a small proportion	by volume of	the	rocks
of the Earth's crust. They are formed from sediments,					accu-
mulations	of	solid material. The	oldest sedimentry		rocks

were known some 3,500 million years ago. The processes

which lead to		the formation of sedimentary	rocks	are	going
on	around us	and different sediments are	being	deposited
and	may later	be changed into rocks. Most	sedimentry		rocks

have been classified according to their grains size. Great attention is also paid to the rocks of the oceans because they are less studied.

VII. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие		слова:
[sel — ex'pand,	con'tract, crack,	'gravel,	'fracture
[Л] — des'tructive, des'truction,		'substance,	'colour, re'sult
Ii:1 — 'equal,	'reason, heat, peak, ma'rine

[e]— 'desert, ac'celerate, suc'cession, 'weathering, subjec - ted

Ы — 'soluble, 'moderate, phe'nomenon [ju:l — 'uniform, 'uniformly, pure, 'purely

б) Прочитайте следующие слова и запомните их произношение:

disintegration [ d i s ^ n t i ' g r e i j ^ n ] , climate ['klaimitl, fissure I'fifa], equal ['i:kwal], unequal [An'i:kwal], marine [ma'rirn], mountain Pmauntin], superficial [/sju:p9,fi.C(a)l], mountainous t'mauntinas], phenomenon [fi'nominan]

в) Прочитайте слитно следующие сочетания слов:

the process of superficial disintegration of rocks; the upper layers of the Earth's crust; hardly noticeable fissures and

cracks; the influence of chemical agents such as water,			carbon
dioxide and	oxygen;	to accelerate the destruction of	rocks
by making	holes in	them to live in

VIII. 1) По заголовку и выделенным словам определите, о чем говорится в тексте 5Б. 2) Прочитайте текст 5Б и скажите, какое действие оказывает вода на горные породы при выветривании. Приведите примеры из текста:

ТЕКСТ 5Б

ORIGIN OF MECHANICAL SEDIMENTS.

WEATHERING OF ROCKS

All rocks which are exposed on the Earth's surface (high mountain peaks, deserts) are decomposed to a certain degree.

193

The process of superficial disintegration of rocks	by the
direct influence of local atmospheric conditions at the	Earth's

surface is called weathering. This phenomenon is often referred

to in geology because weathering	is	an active	process. It
takes place in the upper layers of	the	Earth's	crust.

The main cause of physical weathering is the change in temperature that takes place with the succession of day and night. This phenomenon can best be observed in the deserts and high mountains where the changes in temperature are common.

During the day under the influence of heat rocks expand whereas at night they begin to contract. As rocks are generally composed of different minerals, their expansion and contraction do not occur uniformly. As a result of this rocks crack. At the beginning these cracks or fissures are hardly noticeable but gradually they become wider and deeper until the whole surface of rock is finally transformed into gravel, sand or dust.

In the regions of a

moderate or cold climate, where the

temperature

in

winter

goes down

to below 0

(zero),

the de-

composition

of

rocks is greatly

facilitated by the action of

water. When water freezes it increases

in volume and devel-

ops

enormous

lateral

pressure.

Under

the action

of

water

rocks

decompose^to^gieces of varied forms and

sizes.

The detom^sitiorrof

rocks

under the direct influence of

heat

and cold

is called

physical

weathering.

It should be noted that this

process

is purely

mechanical

and does not cause any change

in

the

chemical

composition

of

rocks.

Rocks are subjected not only

to physical

decomposition

but also to chemical weathering,

i. e. to the action of

chemical

agents, such as water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. In a general

way, chemical weathering is an	acid attack on the rocks of
the Earth's crust, in particular	an attack on the most abun-

dant minerals — quartz (sand) and aluminosilicates (clays). The fact that natural waters contain a great variety of dissolved mineral substances shows that they can act as solvents. Only few minerals and rocks are resistant to the action of

natural waters. The solvent action of water is stronger			when
it contains carbon dioxide. Water causes more complex			and
varied changes. With the participation of oxygen and		carbon
dioxide up to 90 per cent	of rocks is transformed into	soluble
minerals, which are carried away by the waters.
Organisms and plants	also take part in the disintegration
of rocks. Certain marine	organisms, for example, accelerate

104

the destruction of rocks by making holes in them to live in. The action of plants can often be even more destructive. Their

roots penetrate into the fissures of rocks and	develop the
lateral pressure which fractures and destroys	rocks.

Biological activities of plants and animals also provide physical and chemical means for rock breakdown.

IX. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста. Проверьте себя по ключу:

1. The process	of sedimentation	is called	weathering.
2. The change in	temperature causes	physical	weathering.

3. As a rule during the night rocks expand. 4. When freezing, water decreases in volume and develops enormous lateral pressure. 5. The decomposition of rocks is due to the influence of heat and cold. 6. Asa rule water contains dissolved mineral substances. 7. The solvent action of water is stronger when it does not contain carbon dioxide. 8. It should be noticed that the action of organisms and plants is destructive. 9. Only marine organisms accelerate the destruction of rocks.

*X. Ответьте на	следующие вопросы:
I. What process is called weathering? 2. What process is
called physical	weathering? 3. Where can the phenomenon

of	physical	weathering		be best observed? 4. What process is
called chemical			weathering? 5. What substances can		act
as	solvents?	6.	Are all	minerals and rocks resistant to	the

action of natural waters or only few minerals and rocks can

resist the action of water? 7.					How	do	organisms		act on the
destruction		of	rocks?
XI. а) Найдите в правой колонке					русские		эквиваленты		следующих
слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу:
I. the		Earth's		surface	1.	под влиянием тепла
II,	to	be	composed of		2.	разрушительные силы
	different minerals				3.	выветривание
III.	hardly		noticeable
IV. the expansion of rocks					4.	большое			количество
V. changes			in	tempera-		трещин
					5.	состоять		из	различных
	ture					минералов
VI. under			the	influence	6.	расширение пород
	of heat
VII.	weathering				7.	едва заметный
VIII.	destructive			forces	8.	проникать		в	трещины

105

IX. a

great

number

of

9.

изменения

температуры

fractures

X. to

penetrate

into

fis-

10.

поверхность

земли

sures

б)

Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих

слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя

по ключу:

I.

увеличиваться в

объ-

1.

to

facilitate

the decompo-

еме

sition

of

rocks

II .

развивать

боковое

2.

to

increase

in

volume

давление

I I I .

способствовать

раз-

3.

to

resist

(smth)

рушению

пород

rock pieces of varied (dif-

IV.

подвергаться гниению

4.

растворять

вещества

ferent)

sizes

V.

5.

to

accelerate

the process

(че-

of

weathering

V I .

сопротивляться

6.

to

be

subjected to

decay

му-л.)

V I I .

некоторые

органиче-

7.

to

dissolve

substances

ские вещества

V I I I .

ускорять

процесс

вы-

. 8 .

to

develop

lateral

pres-

ветривания

sure

IX.

куски породы различ-

9.

certain

organic

sub-

ных размеров

stances

XII. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова. Переведите предложения:

1. Sedimentary rocks can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost or decay. Under the influence of weathering certain plants decay. 2. Physical weathering causes no change in the chemical composition of rocks. One of the causes of the disintegration of rocks is weathering.

3.Rock cracks gradually. The cracks of rock appear gradually.

4.As a result of physical, chemical and organic changes gravel changes into conglomerate, sand into sandstone, clay

into shale. 5. The roots of plants penetrate into the fissures of rocks and develop lateral pressure which fractures and destroys rocks. These fractures facilitate the process of disintegration of rocks.

XIII. Переведите следующие сочетания слов и предложения, обращая внимание на перевод прилагательных в сравнительной степени:

to observe the higher temperature at day time and the lower temperature at night; to become wider and deeper;

106

to cause more complex and varied changes; to penetrate

deeper; to become more and			more destroyed; to decompose
at a	slower rate; There	are deeper and wider cracks; The ac-
tion	of plants is even	more	destructive.

XIV. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав из предлагаемых

вскобках вариантов соответствующее слово:

1.There are ... causes of weathering, but ... depends on

the change

in

temperature,

(many,

much)

2. As

is

known,

only

... minerals

and

rocks

are

resistant

to

the

action

of natural waters,

(little,

few)

3. The roots of plants

devel-

oped

... pressure

which

did

not

fracture

overlying

rocks.

(little,

few)

4. A new geological map of the region will

appear

in a ... years,

(little,

few)

5.

... minerals

undergo changes.

They

have

already

undergone ... transformation,

(many,

much)

6. Now there are ...

sources of energy as important

as atomic

energy,

(little,

few)

*XV. а) Переведите следующие наречия:

uniformly, gradually, greatly, hardly, purely, finally, slowly, highly, generally, simultaneously

б) Переведите следующие сочетания слов с данными выше наречиями:

to occur uniformly; to decompose gradually	(slowly); to
facilitate the disintegration of rocks greatly;	to change
finally; to be generally composed of; hardly	noticeable;
purely experimental; highly skilled (qualified)

в) Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбирая одно из данных в скобках иаречий. Проверьте себя по ключу:

1. Rocks are ... composed of different minerals. (I. purely, II. easily, III. generally) 2. The expansion and contraction of rocks do not occur ... and at an equal rate. (I. hardly,

II. uniformly,

III.

highly)

3.

Rocks

are ... transformed

into

gravel.

(I. greatly,

II.

slowly,

III. simultaneously)

4.

Water

facilitates

the

decomposition

of

rocks

...

(I.

greatly,

II.

hardly,

III.

highly)

5.

At

the beginning

of

rock

decomposi-

tion cracks or fissures are ... noticeable (I. highly,

II.

purely,

III. hardly),

but gradually

they

become

wider

and deeper

and ... rock is transformed into gravel,

sand

and dust.

(I.

uniformly,

II.

greatly,

III. finally)

6.

The

method

is ...

experimental.

(I. simultaneously,

II.

purely,

III.

uniformly)

XVI. Выберите правильный русский перевод для глагола-сказуемого из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов. Проверьте себя по ключу:

107

1. Metamorphic			rocks	have	been		formed from			earlier
igneous	and sedimentary			rocks.	(I.	образовались;			II.	обра-
зуются]	III.	будут	образованы)			2.	The	decomposition of
rocks is	being	facilitated		by the action of water.					(I.	способ-
ствовала', II.		способствует',			III.	будет		способствовать)

3. Vegetable remains have been converted into peat or coal. (I. превращаются', II. превратятся', III. превращались)

4. Slate has been derived from low-grade shales. (I. образо-

вался', II. образуется',

III. будет образован)

5.

The

origin

of

metamorphic

rocks

is

much

written

about.

(I.

пишут',

II.

писали',

III. будут

писать)

6.

Plutonic

rocks

are referred

to

intrusive

igneous rocks.

(I. относили',

II. относят',

III.

отнесут) 7.

The experiment was followed by a new one. (I.

последует',

II.

следует;

III.

последовал)

8.

Prospecting

is

followed

by exploration.

(I.

последует;

II. следует',

III.

последовал)

*XVII. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на

	место	предлога	в	русском	предложении:
	1. The word "fossil" which means "organic						materials
accumulated		in the geologic past" was originally					referred
to	anything	that was		dug (to	dig — добывать)		from	the
ground. 2. The decomposition of rocks is influenced							by many
factors. 3. A large expedition is to be organized to							study	the
Earth's depths. The			expedition		is	much written	about	in
the	press. It	should	be	noted that		the expedition	will soon
be followed by the next one. The head of the expedition								was
asked many		questions.

XVIII. Укажите, в каких предложениях модальный глагол употребляется с инфинитивом в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения:

1. We can observe physical weathering in deserts and high mountains. This phenomenon can best be observed in places where the changes in temperature are great. 2. Sedimentary rocks can be more or less unconsolidated during the process of sedimentation. 3. Sedimentary rocks can be found at or near the surface of the Earth. 4. Igneous activity can be con-

sidered as one	of the most fundamental Earth		processes.
5. As is known,	igneous rocks can be extrusive	and	intrusive.
Igneous rocks may also be classified in terms of		their	chemical

composition, one of the oldest divisions which is based on their silica content. 6. Like sands, sandstones can be divided

into	fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained sand-
stones. 7. One can		divide all sediments into consolidated
and	unconsolidated	rocks.

108

XIX. Найдите в тексте 5Б предложения, в которых сказуемые образованы от следующих глаголов: "fo facilitate", "to refer", "to transform", "to call", "to write". Переведите предложения.

XX.Соедините главные предложения с придаточными. Проверьте себя по ключу:

I. Rock	disintegration
does not occur uniformly
and	at an	equal		rate
II. Under the influence of
contraction		and	expan-
sion	rock	cracks are
formed
III. During the		day		under .
the	influence		of	heat

rocks expand

IV. Physical weathering can best be observed in the deserts

V.Rocks gradually decompose

VI. The process of physical weathering is purely mechanical

XXI. а) Переспросите по образцу:

1.whereas with the fall of night they begin to contract.

2.until they are finally transformed into sand, gravel or dust.

3.because it does not cause

any change in the chemical composition of rocks.

4.which gradually become wider and deeper.

5.as rocks are composed of different minerals.

6.where the changes in temperature are great.

О б р а з е ц : All rocks are	decomposed to a	certain	degree.
-> Are all	recks decomposed	to a	certain
degree?

1. Weathering takes place in the

upper

layers

of

the

Earth's crust. 2. Under the influence

of heat rocks expand.

3. Rocks are subjected to

the

influence of

chemical

agents.

4.

Living organisms

also

take

part in

the

disintegration of

rocks.

б) Задайте

вопросы по

образцу:

О б р а з е ц :

Weathering

takes place

in

the

upper

layers

of the Earth's crust (where?)

Where

does

weathering

take

place?

1. The main cause of

physical

weathering

is the

change

in

temperature,

(what?)

2.

Physical

weathering can

best

be

observed

in

the

deserts

and

high

mountains,

(where?)

3. Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are the main chemical agents which cause the destruction of rocks, (what agents?)

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