Английский язык для горных инженеров
.pdfТЕКСТ 4А
А. P. KARPINSKY (1847-1936)
The |
prominent scientists who have laid the |
foundation1 |
of the Soviet school of geology and mining are V. A. Obruchev, |
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I. jVl, Gubkin, A. Y. Fersman, V. I. Vernadsky |
and others. |
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Afebng them is the outstanding scientist A. P. |
Karpinsky, |
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the greatest Soviet geologist, President of the Academy of |
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Sciences of the USSR of which he had been a member for |
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many |
years. |
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It should be noted that at that time he was the only |
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academician in the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. Be- |
. r' sides, he was a foreign member of many Academies. The
Geological |
Society of London elected him a foreign member |
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in |
1901., |
, |
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An entire epoch in the history of Russian geology is con- |
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nected |
with |
Karpinsky's name. A. P. |
Karpinsky |
compiled |
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a |
new, |
much |
more detailed geological |
map of the |
European |
part of the USSR and the Urals.
During many years he headed the Russian Geological Committee, the stuff of which was mainly composed of his pupils. A. P. Karpinsky was the creator of the new stratigraphy of Russia. This, however, does not exhaust the significance of A. P. Karpinsky's work in the history of geology. He was one of the geologists who embraced the whole of geological science. He was working with equal skill in every branch of it. He investigated the systems and various regions
of the USSR, mainly the Urals. He was the first to |
establish |
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the regularity of movements of the Earth's |
crust. |
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A. P. Karpinsky's palaeontological studies |
are |
of no less |
importance. His most remarkable works are those concerning the palaeozoic ammonoids. From the very beginning of his
scientific activity A. |
P. Karpinsky |
was |
taking |
an |
interest |
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in deposits of useful |
minerals. |
He |
gave |
the |
classification |
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of volcanic rocks. He advanced |
the view that |
petroleum |
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deposits exist in our country. This has been brilliantly |
con- |
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firmed |
later. |
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A. P. Karpinsky was particularly |
interested |
in |
the |
pro- |
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blem of |
the origin of |
platinum |
deposits. |
He |
studied |
some |
iron ore deposits. He may be justly called the founder of the practical geology of the Urals.
Besides special studies in petrology by which A. P. Kar-
pinsky |
began |
his |
scientific activity it is worth mentioning2 |
that he |
was |
the |
first in Russia to introduce the microscope |
in the |
study |
of |
petrographic slides. |
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А. P. Karpinsky was the prominent Soviet scientist, an excellent man and citizen. He was one of the best lecturers at the Mining Institute at that time. He was also one of the greatest Russian scientists who later became the first elected President of the Academy of Sciences. Students were attracted to him not only because he was an outstanding scientist but also because of his charming personality and gentle manner.
Every |
geologist knows A. P. Karpinsky's work |
An Out- |
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line of |
the |
Physical and Geographical Conditions in |
European |
Russia |
in |
Past Geological Periods. |
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Nowadays geologists continue the traditions of their prominent teachers. Large-scale researches are carried out in all the main branches of geology and mining. Soviet scientific research institutions are working out new methods of prospecting and extracting useful minerals. The global problems on which these institutions focus their attention include provision of humanity with essential raw material resources, environmental protection, exploration of World Ocean and others.
Пояснения |
к тексту A: |
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1. |
to |
lay |
the |
foundation — заложить фундамент (основу) |
2. |
it |
is worth |
mentioning — стоит отметить |
X. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста. Проверьте себя по ключу:
1. As is known А. P. Karpinsky had been a member of the Academy of Sciences for thirty years. 2. He was one of the academicians who worked at the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. 3. A. P. Karpinsky was a member of many foreign Academies. 4. A. P. Karpinsky compiled a detailed map of the Asian part of our country. 5. He headed the Russian Geological Committee. 6. In fact, A. P. Karpinsky created a new branch of geology, namely stratigraphy. 7. He only tried to establish the regularity of movements of the Earth's crust. 8. We may justly call A. P. Karpinsky the founder of the practical geology of the Urals.
*XI. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1.What problems do geologists pay special attention to?
2.What society elected A. P. Karpinsky a foreign member and when? 3. Did he head the Russian Geological Committee or was he a member of that Committee? 4. Did A.P. Karpinsky
investigate |
various regions of the Soviet Union? 5. Which |
of his works |
are the most remarkable? 6. What problem was |
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А. P. Karpinsky particularly interested in? 7. What can you say about A. P. Karpinsky's investigations in petrology?
8. Do you know what part of |
geology deals |
with |
the origin |
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of minerals? |
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XII. а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих |
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слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу: |
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I. the |
Earth's |
crust |
1. |
недавние |
исследования |
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prominent |
scientist |
2. очерк, |
план |
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III. |
remarkable |
works |
3. |
земная |
кора |
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IV. the |
origin |
of |
plati- |
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составить карту |
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num deposits |
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5. |
замечательные |
работы |
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V. recent |
investigations |
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VI. an |
outline |
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выдающийся |
ученый |
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VII. |
to extract useful min- |
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предсказать |
наличие ми- |
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erals |
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нералов |
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VIII . |
to |
compile |
a map |
8. |
происхождение |
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платино- |
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IX. to |
forecast |
the |
exis- |
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вых |
месторождений |
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9. добывать полезные иско- |
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tence |
of |
minerals |
паемые |
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б) |
Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих |
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сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу: |
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I. |
научное |
общество |
1. |
because |
of |
difficult |
con- |
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II. избирать |
председате- |
2. |
ditions |
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to |
concern |
the |
problem |
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(президента) |
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of |
scientific |
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discoveries |
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III. |
основатель |
геологи- |
3. |
to |
advance |
the |
view |
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ческой школы |
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IV. из-за |
трудных |
усло- |
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to |
be |
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of |
great |
impor- |
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вий |
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tance |
for |
science |
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V. согласно требованиям |
5. |
scientific |
society |
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VI. сделать |
вывод |
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to |
head |
a |
Committee (to |
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be at the head of a |
Com- |
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mittee) |
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VII. заинтересоваться гео- |
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the |
founder |
of |
the |
geo- |
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логией |
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logical |
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school |
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VIII. |
иметь |
большое значе- |
8. |
according to the require- |
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ние |
для |
науки |
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ments |
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IX. высказать точку зре- |
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to |
make (draw) a con- |
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ния |
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clusion |
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X. касаться |
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проблемы |
10. |
to elect chairman (pres- |
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научных |
открытий |
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ident) |
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XI. |
возглавлять |
комитет |
11. |
to take |
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interest |
in |
geol- |
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ogy |
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XIII. Подберите из списков А и Б близкие по значению слова. Проверьте себя по ключу:
A. |
I. |
to |
understand, |
II. to |
concern, |
III. |
because |
of, |
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IV. especially, V. during, VI. to be at |
the head of, VII. |
to |
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lay the |
foundation, |
VIII. significance, |
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outstanding |
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Б. |
1) |
due to, 2) to head, 3) to found, 4) |
to realize, |
5) |
to |
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deal with, 6) prominent, 7) particularly, |
8) for, 9) |
importance |
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XIV. Переведите |
следующие |
сочетания |
слов, |
обращая |
внимание |
на |
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разные |
значения |
слова |
"very": |
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very good; very much; very difficult; at the very beginning; |
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at that very moment; at the very end; |
the |
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very |
book; |
this |
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very colliery; that very scientist; the |
very |
first; |
the |
very |
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last; |
the |
very |
best |
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XV. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя следующие слова. Проверьте себя по ключу:
а) I. create, II. creator, III. creation, IV. creative,
V.created
1.A. P. Karpinsky took a great interest in stratigraphy. He ... the new stratigraphy of Russia. 2. В. I. Boky was the
first to |
apply the analytical method to |
mining. He was |
the |
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... |
of the theoretical principles of |
extracting |
coal |
deposits. |
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3. |
The |
scientific |
contacts |
between |
research |
centres |
which |
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are |
in |
different |
parts of |
the country |
are developing. |
This |
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is |
an important condition for the |
... |
development |
of |
the |
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whole of Soviet science. 4. The ... |
of the research |
coordina- |
tion centres will help conduct more active researches in different fields of science and engineering.
б) I. investigated, II. investigation, III. investigator
1. The Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences ... the geotectonic complex of the Western Siberian platform. 2. The results of these ...s show that the gas potential is great there. 3. The ...s know that plants help find mineral-rich areas.
XVI. Определите временные формы глагола-сказуемого в каждом предложении. Переведите предложения:
1. A group of engineers is working out the programme of investigations in the northern part of the country. They have already worked out a detailed plan for carrying out their future work. 2. The students are studying physical geology which deals with the chemical composition, crystal form and the origin of minerals. They have already studied petro-
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graphy dealing with the structure, texture and composition of rocks. 3. The engineer was working at the colliery for many
years. He knew the geological conditions in the |
coal-field |
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very |
well. |
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XVII. Составьте |
предложения |
из |
следующих |
слов. |
Проверьте |
себя |
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по |
ключу: |
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I. |
1) working out, |
2) prospecting, |
3) is, |
4) of, 5) |
methods, |
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a group of geologists, 7) |
new. |
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II. 1) at that time, 2) not, 3) carrying out, 4) the labora- |
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tory, |
5) |
they, |
6) |
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the |
experiment, 7) in, |
8) |
were. |
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III. |
1) shall, |
2) from 9 |
till |
12, |
3) |
we, |
4) working, |
5) be, |
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6) the laboratory, 7) in. |
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XVIII. Заполните |
пропуски в |
предложениях, |
выбрав глагол |
в |
соот- |
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ветствующей |
временной |
форме. |
Проверьте |
себя |
по |
ключу: |
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I. At present a group of |
scientists |
... important |
problems |
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concerning |
oil |
extraction. |
(1. |
works |
out, |
2. has worked |
out, |
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3. |
is |
working |
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out). |
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II. |
Soviet |
geologists ... |
a new map now. It |
will |
help |
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forecast |
valuable |
minerals. |
(1. |
compiled, |
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2. were |
compiling, |
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3. |
are compiling, |
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4. |
have |
compiled). |
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III. When we came into the hall, the scientist |
... |
about |
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the |
recent |
investigations |
in |
the |
northern |
regions |
of |
the |
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country. (1. spoke, 2. was |
speaking, |
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3. |
is |
speaking, |
4. |
will |
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be |
speaking). |
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IV. In fact, for many |
years A. P. |
Karpinsky |
... |
with |
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equal |
skill |
in |
every |
branch |
of |
geology. |
(1. |
works, |
2. |
was |
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working, |
3. |
worked). |
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V. In |
the past |
decades the number of |
scientific researches |
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has |
considerably |
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increased |
and |
it ... |
still |
... |
very |
rapidly. |
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(1. increases, 2. was increasing, |
3. |
is |
increasing). |
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*XIX. Переведите |
предложения, |
используя |
следующие |
сочетания |
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слов: |
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to introduce automated systems of planning and control; to write an article; to enter a room; to compile a map; extractive industries; the Earth's crust; both ... and
1. В настоящее время группа ученых и геологов составляет новую карту Казахстана. 2. Советские специалисты вводят (внедряют) автоматизированные системы планирования и управления как в угольной промышленности, так и в других добывающих отраслях промышленности нашей страны. 3. Когда мы вошли в комнату, он писал статью о современных исследованиях земной коры.
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*ХХ. Найдите в тексте 4А предложения, в которых сказуемые выражены глаголами в форме продолженного времени (The Continuous Tense).
XXI. Выполните задание по следующему образцу:
О б р а з е ц : |
Say |
what |
you are interested |
in. (geology) |
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I |
am |
interested |
in |
geology. |
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a) Say |
what |
you |
(your |
friend) are (is) interested in. |
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(conducting |
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scientific |
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researches, |
prospecting for |
mineral |
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deposits, |
the |
creation |
of |
new |
mining |
methods, |
foreign |
lan- |
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guages, |
carrying |
out |
experiments, |
the |
system |
of |
education) |
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b) Say |
what |
the |
students |
were |
doing |
when |
you |
came |
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into the |
laboratory, |
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(to |
record |
the |
observations, |
to |
work out |
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the plan |
of |
the experiments, |
to design |
a new quarry |
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(colliery), |
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to compile |
a |
new |
map |
of |
the |
region) |
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XXII. Выразите несогласие со следующими высказываниями. Подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста 4А. Используйте следующие разговорные формулы:
I'm afraid that's wrong; that's not quite so; I can't agree with you; on the contrary; I'd like to say a few words; to my mind; in my opinion; as far as I know; as is known; I don't think so; according to the text
1. A. P. Karpinsky was one of many prominent academi-
cians at the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg at |
that time. |
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He worked in the field of |
mineralogy. 2. A. P. |
Karpinsky |
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was particularly |
interested |
in theoretical geology. 3. We |
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do not know who |
was the |
first to introduce the |
microscope |
in the study of petrographic slides. 4. A. P. Karpinsky worked at different problems concerning geology but never gave lectures to students.
*XXIII. Перескажите вкратце текст 4A, используя следующие ключевые слова:
are conducting researches; are working out; was a member of; is connected with; compiled a map; was at the head of; was the creator of; investigated; are of great importance; was taking an interest in; advanced the view; was interested in; were attracted to; are carried out; focus their attention
XXIV. Подготовьте сообщения на темы: 1) значение научного наследия А. П. Карпинского и его влияние на развитие современной геологии; 2) вклад в науку известных вам советских уче- ных-геологов. Используйте следующие разговорные формулы:
I'd like to say a few words about; it should be stressed that; I can add; as a matter of fact; broadly speaking; in my opinion; in other words; it is important to say that, etc. (§ 89).
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II
Грамматика: Страдательный залог (the Passive Voice) —§§ 57— 58. Значение и употребление слова as — § 78. Сложноподчиненные предложения— § 81.
I. Запомните следующие слова и сочетания слов:
accept |
[ak'sept] |
v |
принимать; |
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accept |
a present |
(an |
invitation, |
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an offer) принять |
подарок |
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(приглашение, |
предложение) |
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choose |
[tju:z] |
(chose |
[t^ouz], |
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chosen |
[tjouzn]) с |
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выбирать; |
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choice |
я выбор |
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collect [ka'lekt] v собирать, кол-
лекционировать |
v |
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complete |
[kam'pli :t] |
заканчи- |
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вать, |
завершать; |
комплекто- |
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вать; |
syn |
finish; |
complete |
a |
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полный, |
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законченный; |
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ant |
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incomplete |
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describe |
[dis'kraib] v описывать, |
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изображать; descriptive а опи- |
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сательный |
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v |
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facilitate |
[fa'siliteit] |
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облег- |
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чать; |
помогать; |
способство- |
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вать; |
facility |
я (pi |
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facilities) |
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средства |
обслуживания; |
воз- |
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можности; |
оборудование; |
ус- |
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тройства |
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fire damp |
['faiadeemp] |
п |
руд- |
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ничный газ, метан |
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fulfil |
[ful'fil] |
v |
выполнять, |
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исполнять; |
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завершать; |
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syn |
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carry out |
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harm [ha:m] n вред; v вредить;
повреждать |
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v относиться, |
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relate |
[ri'leit] |
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иметь |
отношение |
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safety ['seifti] |
n |
безопасность; |
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mine |
safety |
безопасность |
тру- |
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да при горных |
работах; |
тех- |
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ника |
безопасности; |
safety |
measures |
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меры |
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безопаснос- |
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ти; safe а безопасный; надеж- |
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ный |
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seam |
[si:rri] я пласт |
(угля)\ |
syn |
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bed, layer; |
flat |
seam |
горизон- |
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тальный, |
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пологопадающий |
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пласт; inclined |
seam |
наклон- |
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ный |
пласт; |
steep seam |
круто- |
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падающий |
пласт; |
thick |
seam |
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мощный пласт; thin seam тон- |
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кий |
пласт |
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state |
[steit] |
я |
состояние; |
госу- |
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дарство; |
штат; |
а |
государст- |
венный; v заявлять; констатировать; излагать
success [sak'ses] п успех, удача;
be a success иметь успех |
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win [win] |
(won [wAn]) |
v выиг- |
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рать, |
победить, |
одержать |
по- |
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беду; |
добывать |
(руду, |
уголь и |
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т. п.); |
winning |
я |
добыча, |
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выемка; coal winning |
= |
coal |
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getting |
= |
underground |
win- |
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ning |
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подземная |
выработка, |
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подземная |
добыча |
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'о defend |
graduation |
paper |
(the- |
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sis) защищать дипломную |
ра- |
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боту |
(диссертацию) |
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to do one's best (one's utmost, all
one |
can, everything |
in |
one's |
power) сделать все возмож- |
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ное, |
не жалеть сил |
(to) |
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to make contribution |
вно- |
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сить |
вклад в (науку, |
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техни- |
ку и |
т. д.) |
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II. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов. Переведите их:
entrance examinations; the training of specialists; graduation paper; coal seam; coal deposits; assistant manager; mine surveying; the exploitation of deposits; mine safety; bedded deposits; the description of diagrams; transport facilities; a complete description of the quarry; two-volume text-books; flat-seam mining; thick-seam mining; thin-seam mining; steep-seam mining
76
III.Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:
mining mechanics; descriptive courses; elementary practical training; the best lecturer; lectures on historical geol-
ogy; a particular |
interest; |
an |
interesting |
subject; |
a |
first- |
|
class diploma; the department of Mining |
Transport; |
as a |
|||||
result; gassy collieries; the |
problem of |
fire |
damp; |
the |
state |
||
of mechanization; |
mining machinery; the pioneer in scientific |
||||||
methods of coal |
gasification; |
a public |
figure |
|
|
IV. а) Переведите прилагательные, образованные с помощью суффикса "-ful":
useful, successful, powerful, harmful
б) Заполните пропуски прилагательными, образованными от выделенных существительных:
1. Power stations |
are equipped with ... machines |
(rated |
|||||||
at 500,000-800,000 |
KW). |
2. |
A. M. |
Terpigorev's |
investi- |
||||
gations |
in mine safety were a success. He worked out a series |
||||||||
of safety |
measures in |
gassy collieries. |
His ... |
research has |
|||||
greatly |
improved |
the |
working conditions in mines. 3. The |
||||||
extensive |
use of scientific |
and technological |
achievements |
||||||
makes |
it |
possible |
to |
develop |
all branches of |
production. |
The scientists are working out new methods of mining ...
minerals. 4. Fire damp does much harm to the health of miners. It is the most ... of all the gases in the mine air.
V.Определите значение слова "state" в контексте:
1.The Soviet state pays great attention to the living conditions of miners. 2. The minister of the coal industry
states that the workers in extractive industries |
will get |
|
further privileges. |
3. A. M. Terpigorev's work Coal |
Mining |
and Mine Transport |
Facilities gives a complete |
descrip- |
tion of the state of mechanization and the economy of the Donbas.
VI. Прочитайте сложноподчиненные предложения. Обратите внимание на союзы, присоединяющие придаточные предложения к главному. Переведите предложения:
1. The general tendency in underground mining is the introduction of mechanized complexes which make the miners' work safer. 2. Operating experience shows that the mining of thick flat seams with the complexes has been successful at the mines of the basin. 3. For working thin seams from 0.7 to 1.2 metres thick miners use mechanized complexes while the working of flat seams less than 0.8-metres thick
77
with mechanized complexes is complicated. 4. As complete mechanization of mining operations in steep seams is rather difficult, the level of mechanization in such seams is not high. 5. Scientists and engineers are working out fire damp
control |
measures because |
fire damp is |
the most |
dangerous |
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and the most harmful of |
all the gases in mine air. |
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VII. а) |
Прочитайте |
вслух следующие |
слова: |
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1аг] — |
flat, |
'manager, |
'practical, |
me'chanics, |
'graduate, |
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'capital |
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Ее] — bed, |
'bedded, |
'measure, |
de'fend, |
'pressure, 'deputy |
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b : l — all, |
score, |
a'ward, 'order |
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[i:] — |
'even, seam, |
de'gree, |
'teacher |
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[a: ] — hard, |
pass, |
class, |
draft, |
charge |
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б) Прочитайте следующие слова и запомните их произношение:
academician [3<kaed9'mi|(a)n], diploma [dip'louma], elementary [^eli'mentaril, senior ['sknjaJ, honour f'onal, deputy ['depjuti]
в) Прочитайте слитно следующие сочетания слов:
to finish school with honours; to pass all the entrance examinations successfully; to study the full range of subjects relating to metallurgy, mining and mining mechanics; to
take charge of |
the mining chair; to take a |
particular interest |
in mine safety; |
the description of the state |
of mechanization |
and the economy of the Donbas; to be decorated with government orders
VIII. Прочитайте текст 4Б и скажите, разработке каких научных проблем А. М. Терпигорев уделял особое внимание:
ТЕКСТ 4Б
А. М. TERPIGOREV (1873-1959)
Academician |
А. М. |
Terpigorev |
is a |
well-known mining |
|
engineer who successfully combined his |
practical |
experience |
|||
with scientific |
research. |
He was |
born |
in 1873 in |
Tambov. |
In 1892 he finished school with honours1 and decided to get higher education. He chose the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg, passed all the entrance examinations successfully and
became a |
student of |
the |
Mining |
Institute. |
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At |
the |
Institute he studied the full range of subjects re- |
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lating |
to |
metallurgy, mining and mining mechanics. |
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At |
that |
time |
students' |
specialization |
was based |
on des- |
||
criptive courses |
and |
elementary |
practical |
training. |
One of |
78
the best lecturers was A. P. Karpinsky. His lectures on his-
torical |
geology |
were |
very interesting. |
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|
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During |
his |
practical |
training |
A. M. |
Terpigorev |
visited |
||||
mines |
and |
saw |
that |
the |
miner's |
work |
was very |
difficult. |
||
In the Donbas he collected material for his graduation |
paper |
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which he was to prepare and defend. It dealt with the |
mining |
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of flat |
seams |
in |
the |
Donbas. |
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||
In |
1897 |
A. M. |
Terpigorev graduated |
from the |
Institute |
and was awarded a first-class diploma of a mining engineer.
His first job as a mining engineer was at the Sulin |
mines |
||||||||||||||
where he was working for more |
than three years first as |
assis- |
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tant manager and later as manager. |
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From |
1900 till 1922 A. M. Terpigorev was working at the |
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Yekaterinoslav |
Mining |
Institute (now |
the |
Mining |
Institute |
||||||||||
in Dnepropetrovsk). |
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In 1922 A. M. Terpigorev |
accepted |
an offer to take charge |
|||||||||||||
of2 the mining chair at the Moscow Mining Academy |
and |
||||||||||||||
moved to Moscow. From 1930 he headed the chairs3 of |
Min- |
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ing Transport |
and Mining of Bedded |
Deposits at the |
Moscow |
||||||||||||
Mining |
Institute. |
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Academician A. M. Terpigorev took a particular |
interest |
||||||||||||||
in mine safety. As a result of the investigations |
which he |
||||||||||||||
was carrying out in the |
Donbas at the beginning of the |
cen- |
|||||||||||||
tury, A. M. Terpigorev |
worked out a series of safety measures |
||||||||||||||
in gassy |
collieries. For |
a long time he was working on the |
|||||||||||||
problem |
of fire |
damp, |
the most harmful and dangerous of |
||||||||||||
all the gases in mine |
air. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
His two-volume work Coat |
Mining |
|
and |
Mine |
|
Transport |
|||||||||
Facilities |
is a complete |
description of the state of mechaniza- |
|||||||||||||
tion |
and |
the |
economy |
of the Donbas. His other works deal |
|||||||||||
with |
mining |
transport |
facilities, |
mechanization |
of |
coal |
min- |
||||||||
ing |
and |
mining |
machinery. |
He is |
one |
of |
the |
pioneers in |
|||||||
scientific |
methods of coal gasification. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
A. M. Terpigorev's activities include |
his work as a public |
||||||||||||||
figure. Many times he was decorated4 with |
Government |
orders. |
|||||||||||||
Academician |
A. M. |
Terpigorev, |
B . I . |
Boky |
and |
other |
prominent scientists made a great contribution to the development of mining. They laid the foundation of the Russian science of mining.
Пояснения к текту 4Б:
1.finished school with honours — окончил школу с отличием
2.to take charge of (smth.) — принимать руководство, осуществлять контроль (над чем-л.)
79