- •Пояснительная записка
- •Contents
- •Social etiquette
- •1. Match the English starting forms of conversations to their Russian equivalents
- •2. Read the forms of greeting, farewell and introducing people and complete the dialogues with them.
- •3. Translate the dialogues into English
- •4. Use the table below to translate short dialogues into English
- •5. Look at the expressions in the box. Which are formal / informal? In pairs, act out dialogues for situations 1 – 4
- •Professional etiquette
- •1. Read the dialogue below and find the following expressions in it.
- •2. Read two dialogues below and find the reasons for re-scheduling
- •3. In pairs, schedule and then re-schedule a meeting to your partner. Explain why you can’t meet. Use the dialogues above. Business Etiquette You Should Know
- •Introductions
- •Let’s Speak about your future profession
- •1. Read the text and say if you agree with the title. Biologists are students of the world
- •2. Answer the questions to the text
- •Nature of the Work
- •2. Complete the sentences according to the text. Try not to look at the text.
- •Classification of Biological Professions
- •Working Conditions
- •Training, Other Qualifications and Advancement
- •3. Read the short texts and say what you would like to achieve in professional activity in 2, 5 and 10 years. Quality of Life
- •Reading
- •What is evolution?
- •Global warming: the evidence is strong
- •The Amazon forest and the future of the world
- •Protecting the lions
- •Endangered Species
- •Zoo operations limited operations manager, london zoo
- •Science of the future
- •What’s wrong with genetic engeneering
- •Cloning: future perfect?
- •Some facts about hiv and aids
- •You can’t live without it
- •Do you kill your dinner?
- •Monarch without a kingdom
- •Grammar the active voice (revision)
- •2. Find examples of Present Simple, Present Perfect and Past Simple of the verbs in the text.
- •3. Change the tense of the predicate on the left in accordance with the adverbial modifier on the right.
- •4. Make the sentences from the text negative and interrogative.
- •5. Complete the sentences with the correct form of one of the verbs given below (the first is done for you) Pets
- •6. Use Past Simple, Past Continuous, Preset Perfect or Past Perfect (the first is done for you)
- •7. Make up sentences, putting the words in the correct order and using the appropriate form of the verb.
- •The passive voice (revision) Study the information:
- •Saving Europe’s Woodlands
- •Conditionals. Subjunctive mood
- •2. Translate the following text, paying attention to the use of Conditionals.
- •3. Make sentences, using “If …, … will … ”.
- •4. Discuss the following situations with your partner
- •5. Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (the first is done for you).
- •5. Translate the sentences into Russian, mind you grammar in the sentences beginning with “I wish…”, “She wished…”,etc.
- •Reported speech. Sequense of tenses
- •Bibliography
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3. Read the short texts and say what you would like to achieve in professional activity in 2, 5 and 10 years. Quality of Life
Two Years Out
Biologists are primarily technicians, operating equipment, conducting tests, and recording data for more senior researchers. They spend significant time performing routine tasks regardless of their experience prior to hire. The hours can be long, and most time is spent in the lab. Although others may scoff at this “internship” of sorts, technicians generally expect to pay these dues in their first few years, and satisfaction remains high. A number of aspiring researchers ally themselves with more experienced and well-known researchers in order to put themselves in a position to become future researchers in their field of interest.
Five Years Out
Field work arrives and satisfaction generally increases. Those who are not promoted to research positions either gravitate to other fields or return to school to get additional credentials that will make them more attractive candidates in their chosen field. The hours can be long and the work environment unpredictable, but responsibilities and salary increase. Some seek to publish their research and theories to make their ideas known and to distinguish themselves from their contemporaries.
Ten Years Out
Many researchers have assumed positions as assistant directors of research or with limited control of disbursement of funds and distribution of personnel. Some are still finishing their Ph.D.s and are having a difficult time juggling work and school life. Some researchers join professional organizations or advisory committees in order to add another feather to their cap. A number enter academia. Hours flatten out, ambitions remain high.
Аннотация – это краткая характеристика книги, статьи, реферата и так далее. В аннотации очень коротко раскрывается содержание произведения – буквально только говорится, о чем оно. Также указывается назначение и аудитория, например «учебник предназначен для студентов, обучающихся по специальности…». Аннотация может описывать, может рекомендовать, быть общей или содержать какую-либо специальную направленность.
Reading
Read the text and answer the questions: What is evolution? Do you agree or disagree with the definitions in the text?
What is evolution?
“Evolution” really has two different meanings to biologists. The term can refer to either as a process or an organizing principle, that is, a theory. Generally, the word evolution means change, and the process of biological evolution is derived from this definition. That is, biological evolution is a change in the features of individuals in a biological population that occurs in the course of generations.
For example, consider the species of organism commonly known as head lice. A species(Latin, meaning “kind”) consists of a group of individuals that can regularly breed together and is generally distinct from other species in appearance or behavior. Most species are physically subdivided into smaller groups, populations, that are somewhat independent of other, populations – that is, most individuals in a population breed with other individuals in the same population. As some parents of small children have discovered some populations of head lice in the United States have become immune to the pesticide permethrin, found in over-the-counter delousing shampoos. Initially, lice infections were readily controlled through treatment with these products; however, over time, populations of lice changed to become less susceptible to the effects of these chemicals. The evolution of resistance can occur rapidly – a study in Israel demonstrated that population of head lice were four times less susceptible to permethrin only 30 months (40 lice generations) after it came into widespread use in that country.
Note that in this example, individual head lice did not “evolve” or change; each individual louse is either susceptible to, or resistant to permethrin. Instead the population in a whole changed from one in which most lice were susceptible to one in which most lice were resistant to the pesticide. This change in the characteristics of the population took many generations. According to the definition above, the lice have evolved.
In general, the fact that the process of evolution occurs is not questioned. Evolutionary change in biological populations, such is the development of pesticide resistance in insects and antibiotic resistance in bacteria, has been observed multiple times. Changes that occur in the characteristics of population are referred to as microevolution.
Few members of the Kansas state school board, or their supporters, disagree that populations of organisms can change over time. The theory of evolution is much more controversial in society than the process.
The scientific theory is a body of scientifically acceptable general principles that help explain how the world works. Scientific theories are supported by numerous lines of evidence and have stood up to repeated experimental tests. So the theory of evolution is an organizing principle for understanding how species originate and why they have the characteristics they exhibit. The theory of evolution can thus be stated:
All organisms present on Earth today are descendants of a single common ancestor, and all organisms represent the product of millions of years of microevolution.
In other words, modern animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and other living things are related to each other and have been diverging from their common ancestor by various processes since the origin of life on this planet. The origin of modern species from a common ancestor is what most nonscientists think of when they hear the word evolution. However, most biologists conceive of the theory of evolution as encompassing both the theory of common decent and the processes by which evolutionary change occurs.
Reproduce in your own words:
Микробиология – наука о мельчайших, невидимых невооруженным глазом живых существах – микробах. Эта наука изучает внешнюю организацию микроорганизмов, проявления их жизнедеятельности, систематику, изменчивость, наследственность и экологию микробов. Термин «микроб» был предложен в 1878 году Сидийо (Ch.E.Sedillot) для обозначения всех невидимых простым глазом живых существ. Название «микробиология» впервые применено Дюкло (E.P.Duclaux) и теперь является общепринятым.
Мир микроорганизмов весьма обширен и разнообразен. В его состав входят одноклеточные (unicellular) и некоторые многоклеточные (multicellular), а также микробы неклеточной природы – риккетсии (Rickettsias) и вирусы. Эти различные группы микроорганизмов составляют объект изучения соответствующих разделов микробиологии, которые в процессе исторического развития дифференцировались в самостоятельные дисциплины, а именно: бактериология, микология, вирусология и протистология. Микробиология как отрасль биологических знаний объединяет эти дисциплины, создавая цельное представление о мире микроорганизмов.
Основоположниками микробиологи в России являются И.И.Мечников и С.Н.Виноградский. Идеи этих великих ученых надолго определили направление развития отечественной микробиологии. За последние годы наблюдается новый расцвет микробиологии, причина которого состоит в том, что в микробиологии стали применять новые, точные методы исследования, разработанные физикой, химией, биологией. Знания о морфологии клетки, структуре вирусов значительно расширились благодаря применению электронного микроскопа, использованию современных методов органической, физической и биологической химии.
Read the text and a)answer the questions after it; b) analyze the underlined sentences from the point of view of grammar