менгардт английский для техн вузов

Table 5.3

Present Simple Tense with the Future Meaning

come, arrive	–	go, leave, depart
start, begin	–	end

The show begins at 8 and it ends at midnight.

When does our plane leave?

This train doesn’t arrive early.

5.10.Choose the correct variant.

1.Madonna (arrives / is arriving / arrive) on Monday according to plan.

2.The examinations (are taking place / take place / takes place / is taking place) next month as announced.

3.The office always closes at 6 o’clock in the evening but today it

(closes / is closing / close) an hour later.

4.We (have / are having / has) breakfast very early tomorrow so that we could leave home before 8.

5.He usually works at the station but next month he (is working / work / works) at the dock for a few days.

6.I’m sorry I can’t accept your invitation. I (have / am having / has) lunch with some business people next Thursday.

7.We always go to Paris on holiday. Next year I (am going / go / goes) to Spain for a change.

8.Saturday is his day off. However, he (plays / play / is playing) in the finals of the tennis tournament next Saturday.

9.My uncle John from London (are visiting / visits / is visiting) us soon.

5.11. Read the text.

HISTORY OF ST. PETERSBURG

Saint Petersburg was founded on the 16th of May, 1703. That day the six-bastion Peter and Paul fortress was ceremonially laid on the Zayachy Island in the broadest part of the Neva estuary as a result of Russia’s victory in the Northern War against Sweden. Fortress was aimed to control the whole region. The fortress paved the way to the construction of the city and in 1710 the capital of Russia was transferred from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. Later, in 1712, the Tsar Family and households together with the major Governmental Bodies moved to the newly built city.

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Peter the Great conceived the idea of a regularly planned city with well-defined general layout. The combined efforts of the outstanding architects Domenico Tresini and Jean Batist Leblon (developed the general layout of Saint Petersburg) led to the specific style of Saint Petersburg baroque. During that period such buildings as the Summer Palace of Peter the Great and the laying of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery and Menshikov Palace were constructed. During the period of Empress Catherine’s II (1762–1796) reign a new style – classicism was established. The victorious parry of Napoleon’s invasion in 1812 was reflected in a new rise of the city development in the capital of mighty Russia. The ensemble of the Alexandrinsky Theater, buildings of the top governmental bodies of Russia (The Senate and The Synod), the building of the Headquarters with the Triumph Arch and the House of Ministries in the Palace Square were constructed during this period. During the reign of Nicolay I Saint Petersburg acquired new features typical of capitalism epoch. The city appearance became more complicated, multifaceted, and contradictory. Private housing development was on the upgrade. More buildings appeared in the city center during that period. These trends in

the city development were followed during the reign of Emperor Alexander III (1881–1894), which was a short peaceful reprieve for Russia. The social, economical and political contradicttions of Russia development after bourgeois reforms of 1860–1870 opened the way for the growth of capitalism.

However, Russia could not get entirely rid of feudal/serfdom survivals. Social contradictions that had been accumulating for a long time and wars that Russia was waging brought about the Bourgeois-Democratic Revolution of 1905–1907 that was accompanied by the series of political strikes. The most severe strikes in Russia took place in Saint Petersburg. During the reign of Nicolay II (1894–1917) Russia waged a number of wars that happened to be extremely hard for the country. In 1914, World War I broke out. Under the influence of anti-German vein Saint Petersburg was renamed into Petrograd in 1914. This war (1914–1918) appeared to be fatal for the Russian autocracy. Finally, the October coup d’etat inspired by the Bolsheviks headed by V. Lenin in November 6–7, 1917 led to the change of the political system in Russia. The Civil War and the mess in economy followed these events. All private properties in the city were nationalized.

After Lenin’s death in 1924 Bolsheviks renamed the city into Leningrad in order to immortalize Lenin’s name. In the 1930s and 1940s such districts as Avtovo, Moskovsky Avenue, and Malaya Okhta were developed.

The Great Patriotic War with Nazi Germany became the hardest ordeal for the whole country and in particular for Saint Petersburg. According to the plan of Hitler, Leningrad was supposed to be totally demolished. The Blockade of Leningrad was the most tragic period for the city during World War II. It lasted from September 8, 1941 till January 27, 1944, about 900 days and nights. Fighting for Leningrad the Soviet troops managed to keep the enemy back from the city at quite a short distance setting an example of real heroism. The memorial ensembles were created in the 1960s at Piskarevskoye and Seraphimovskye cemeteries, where the victims of the Blockade

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had been buried. During the siege the monuments of history and culture and the suburban palace complexes were ruined or devastated. The restoration works started right after the war. These works were most successfully performed in the 1950s and 1960s. The city was developed along the arch of the Finnish Gulf coast, as well as to the Northwest and South.

The 1990s marked the drastic changes in the governmental structures and economical policy. In 1991, the name of Saint Peter was returned to the city. The high speed Saint Petersburg-Moscow railroad project was started in 1991. In 1994, Saint Petersburg became the place of the Good Will Games. The projects for revamping of the City Sea Port and the Airport have been initiated. The growth of business, political and cultural activity is quite obvious. Being one of the major European centers Saint Petersburg has the honor to be referred to as the Northern capital of Russia.

Upon the decision of UNESCO Saint Petersburg has been recognized as a cultural monument. As a part of the tercentenary preparations conducted in 2003, the city has undertaken projects aimed at the long-term improvement of the city’s infrastructure. Celebrations gave a great impulse for stimulating the resurrection and effective use of the city’s unique resource – its cultural climate.

5.12. Match the following words and expressions with their equivalents.

1. household	a) отражение атаки
2. to conceive	b) государственный переворот
3. general layout	c) войска
4. outstanding	d) радикальные изменения
5. a parry	e) задумывать
6. an invasion	f) выдающийся
7. mighty	g) генеральный план
8. to be on the up-grade	h) осада
9. autocracy	i) могущественный
10.а coup d’etat	j) трехсотлетие
11.in order to	k) нашествие, военное вторжение
12. troops	l) придворный
13. siege	m) чтобы
14. drastic changes	n) быть на подъеме
15. tercentenary	o) самодержавие
16. to pave the way	p) быть на подъеме
17. reigh	q) беспорядок; неразбериха
18. to be on the upgrade	r) прокладывать путь,
	подготавливать почву
19. mess	s) правление, царствование

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5.13.Read the text again and answer the following questions.

1.When was Saint Petersburg founded?

2.What year was the capital of Russia transferred from Moscow to Saint Petersburg?

3.What idea did Peter the Great conceive?

4.Who was the first architect who made the general layout of the city center?

5.When was the classicism established?

6.What year was Saint Petersburg renamed into Petrograd?

7.Why did Bolsheviks rename the city into Leningrad?

8.How long did the Blockade of Leningrad last?

9.What was created in the 1960s at Piskarevskoye and Seraphimovskye cemeteries?

10.When did the restoration works start and when were they most successfully performed?

11.What year was the name of Saint Peter returned to the city?

12.Has Saint Petersburg been recognized as a cultural monument?

5.14.Read the following words and notice their pronunciation.

result	[rI`zAlt]	whole	[hqul]	transfer	[trxns`fW]
idea	[aI`dIq]	island	[`aIlqnd]	design	[dI`zaIn]
baroque	[bq`rOk]	suburb	[`sAbWb]	bourgeois [`buqZwR]
coup	[kH]	ordeal	[O:`dI:l]	siege [sJG]

tercentenary [`tWsen`tJn(q)rI]

Table 5.4

Future Simple Tense

I’ll call you later.

Will you work?

– Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.

You will not (won’t) get to work in time.

Where will you work? – I will work at home.

Note: I, We shall work (in written and official speech)

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5.15.Complete the following sentences with the contracted form, as in the model.

Model: – I’ll be at home at eight tonight. (I will)

1.… see you tomorrow. (We will)

2.… probably get a letter today. (You will)

3.Mary is tired tonight. … probably go to bed early. (She will)

4.Dan has a cold. … probably stay at home today. (He will)

5.… probably be too cold to go swimming tomorrow. (It will)

6.I have invited some guests. … probably arrive at seven. (They will)

5.16.Make the following sentences negative (-) or questions (?), as in the model.

Model: – He will see you tomorrow. (?)

–Will he see you tomorrow?

–The weather will change soon. (–)

–The weather won’t change soon.

1.The summer will be hot this year. (–)

2.She will refuse your invitation. (?)

3.You will get the telegram later. (–)

4.She will meet you tomorrow. (?)

5.I will forget about it. (–)

6.He will come to lunch. (?)

7.I will forgive her. (–)

8.It will rain in the evening. (–)

9.They will be very angry. (?)

10.I will ask him about it. (?)

Table 5.5

Use of Future Simple Tense

1.Facts in the future:

They will have English lessons twice a week.

2.Instant decisions:

‘Jane, I’m hungry.’ ‘I’ll make you a sandwich.’

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3.Promising or refusing to do something:

I’ll send you a letter.

OK, I will really stop smoking. I won’t help you.

4.Predictions (I think, I guess, I’m sure, probably): I’m sure Ann will manage the project.

We’ll probably hold a meeting of high-graduates in November.

5.Conditionals I (see Table 5.6.)

5.17.Read the conversations. Which replies are the statements about the future and which are instant decisions?

1.‘I haven’t got any transport.’ ‘Oh, we’ll give you a lift.’

2.‘What would you like?’ ‘I’ll have an orange juice, please.’

3.‘I’m worried about the exam.’ ‘Oh, you’ll be all right.’

4.‘I need some tickets for the movies.’ ‘Don’t worry! I’ll get them for you.’

5.‘Why are you standing here?’ ‘Something has got wrong with my motorbike. It won’t start.’

6.‘We lost a tennis ball yesterday.’ ‘I’ll help you look for it.’

5.18.Make your own decision in the following situations using the verbs below.

answer

carry

have

post

shut

Model: A: You and your friend are in the room. The window is open, and it is cold.

B: I’ll shut the window.

1.A: The phone is ringing. You are the nearest person to it.

B:… the phone.

2.А: The choice in the menu is fish or chicken. You hate fish.

B:… chicken.

3.A: You are meeting a friend at the station. He has two suitcases. There’s a bag, too.

B:… the bag.

4.A: Your friend wrote a letter yesterday. You are going to have some walk in the town not far from the post office.

B:… it.

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5.19. Complete the following sentences, as in the model.

Model: – I went to the library last night, and I’ll probably go there tonight too.

–Ann didn’t come to class today, and she probably won’t come tomorrow either.

1.I watched TV last night, and … TV tonight … .

2.I wasn’t at home last night, and … at home tonight … .

3.Jack didn’t do his homework today, and … it tomorrow … .

4.It’s very hot today, and … tomorrow … .

5.The students had a quiz today, and … one tomorrow … .

6.Alice didn’t drive her car to school, and … it to school tomorrow … .

Table 5.6

Conditionals I

If you study hard, you will pass your exams.

If he runs fast, he will win the race.

If you don’t study hard, you will not (won’t) pass your exams. If he doesn’t run fast, he will not (won’t) win the race.

5.20. Match the expressions in columns A and B. Then, complete the dialogues below, as in the model.

	A		B
1.	a warm day tomorrow	a)	see a doctor
2.	go to Paris	b)	buy a yacht
3.	finish your homework	с) go to the beach
4.	don’t feel well	d) visit the Eiffel Tower
5.	learn a lot of money	e)	watch TV

Model: 1. A: What will you do if it’s a warm day tomorrow?

B:If it’s a warm day tomorrow, I’ll go to the beach.

2.A: What will you do if you go to Paris? B: … .

3.A: What will you do if you finish your homework? B: … .

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4.A: What will you do if you don’t feel well? B: … .

5.A: What will you do if you earn a lot of money? B: … .

Table 5.7

Conditionals I: unless, as soon as, before, after, until

I won’t go to the party unless I write the report.

You will understand people better when you grow older.

He will come as soon as I ask him.

After we finish studying, we will go to the park.

Before I go to bed, I will watch TV.

We won’t see him until he comes back.

5.21.Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1.If it …, I’ll take the children skiing. (snow)

2.The football match will be cancelled if it … (rain).

3.Unless they … overtime, they won’t earn enough money to go on holiday. (work)

4.Will Dan post this letter for me if I … him? (ask)

5.Unless you … carefully, you’ll have an accident. (drive)

6.If someone … these plants, they … (not water; die).

7.If he … the truth, he … us. (know; tell)

8.He … come unless you … him. (not come; call)

Table 5.8

Conditionals I: if and when

If I have free time, I’ll go to Paris.

When I have free time, I’ll go to Paris.

If he doesn’t cook dinner, we will order a pizza.

We will order a pizza if he doesn’t cook dinner.

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5.22. Choose the correct variant.

1.	If Mark … the boat, we … fishing.
	a) repair; will go	b) will repair; go	c) repairs; will go
2.	When you … home, I … you the letter.
	a) come; will read	b) comes; will read	c) will come; read
3. If she … me, I … her the news.
	a) will call; tell	b) calls; will tell	c) will call; will tell
4. When Barbara … the door, we … Happy Birthday.
	a) open; will sing	b) will open; sing	c) opens; will sing
5.	Don’t hurry him now, he … up as soon as he … ready.
	a) will get; is	b) gets; will be	c) get; will be
6.	Don’t go out yet. Wait until the rain … .
	a) will stop	b) stop	c) stops

5.23.Put the verb in brackets into the present simple or future simple, as in the model.

Model: – I … buy you a magazine when I … home from work. (buy; come)

–I will buy you a magazine when I come home from work.

1.When I …, I … an astronaut. (grow up; become)

2.You … yourself if you … . (burn; not be careful)

3.When Kate … from the university, she … abroad. (graduate; travel)

4.As soon as my father … from his business trip, he … a new laser printer. (return; buy)

5.I … here until you … back. (stay; come)

6.We … you when we… in England again. (come and visit; be)

7. ‘Don’t forget to give me your address.’ ‘OK, … it to you before

I… .’ (give; go)

5.24.Complete the following sentences with if or when.

1.… I’m too late this morning, don’t wait for me.

2.I’m going to do some shopping now. … I come back, we will have lunch.

3.I’m going to see Tim. … I go, will you come with me?

4.… you don’t want to go out, we can stay at home.

5.Do you mind … I close the window?

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6.We will have a picnic tomorrow … the weather is good.

7.We haven’t got anywhere to stay. We will find a hotel … we arrive.

8.I don’t know what we’ll do … we don’t find anywhere to live.

5.25.Answer the following questions, as in the model.

Model: – What will you do if you fail the exam? (try to pass it)

–If I fail the exam, I’ll try to pass it in autumn.

1.What will they do if they don’t find you at home? (call) If they don’t find me at home, … a second time.

2.Who will you phone to if you feel quite lonely? (phone) If I feel quite lonely, … to some of my friends.

3.How long will you stay there if the weather keeps fine? (stay) If the weather keeps fine, … there for about a week.

4.What will you do when you come home tonight? (watch TV) When I come home tonight, …TV.

5.26. Read the beginning of the conversation between Dan and Sally.

Dan: Hello, Sally. How are you? Sally: Oh, hello, Dan. I’m fine, thanks.

Dan: Are you doing anything this evening? Sally: I’m not sure.

Dan: Would you like to go to the cinema with me?

Sally: I’d love to, but I’m probably working. What about tomorrow? Are you free? Say, at two.

Dan: No, tomorrow is difficult. I’m having a meeting in Glasgow at 9 o’clock in the morning. I’m driving up there overnight.

Sally: You’re going to drive all through the night? You’re crazy! You’ll be fully tired before you arrive. Why don’t you take a train?

Dan: Don’t worry, I’ll be OK. I’ll need the car when I’m there. I’m going to visit some companies in the area. I will sleep when I get home.

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