Offi-Guid-TOEFL
.pdf
6IEHMRK
(MVIGXMSRW 
8LMW UYIWXMSR MW [SVXL TSMRXW
8LI TSPMXMGEP W]WXIQ SJ XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW MR XLI QMH RMRIXIIRXL GIRXYV] [EW WXVSRKP] MRJPYIRGIH F] XLI WSGMEP ERH IGSRSQMG GMVGYQWXERGIW SJ XLI XMQI
F
F
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8LI (IQSGVEXMG ERH ;LMK 4EVXMIW HIZIPSTIH MR VIWTSRWI XS XLI RIIHW SJ GSQTIXMRK IGSRSQMG ERH TSPMXMGEP GSRWXMXYIRGMIW
(YVMRK %RHVI[ .EGOWSRtW X[S XIVQW EW 4VIWMHIRX LI WIVZIH EW PIEHIV SJ FSXL XLI (IQSGVEXMG ERH ;LMK 4EVXMIW
8LI (IQSGVEXMG 4EVX] TVMQEVMP] VIT VIWIRXIH XLI MRXIVIWXW SJ XLI QEVOIX FEROW ERH GSQQIVGI
-R GSRXVEWX XS XLI (IQSGVEXW XLI ;LMKW JEZSVIH KSZIVRQIRX EMH JSV IHYGEXMSR
% JYRHEQIRXEP HMJJIVIRGI FIX[IIR ;LMKW ERH (IQSGVEXW MRZSPZIH XLI MQTSVXERGI SJ XLI QEVOIX MR WSGMIX]
8LI VSPI SJ KSZIVRQIRX MR XLI PMZIW SJ XLI TISTPI [EW ER MQTSVXERX TSPMXMGEP HMWXMRGXMSR FIX[IIR XLI X[S TEVXMIW
+3 32 83 8,) 2)<8 4%+) K
83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX
8,) )<46)77-32 3* )138-327
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
4W]GLSPSKMGEP VIWIEVGLIVW KIRIVEPP] VIGSKRM^I XLEX JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW VIJPIGX IQS XMSREP WXEXIW -R JEGX ZEVMSYW IQSXMSREP WXEXIW KMZI VMWI XS GIVXEMR TEXXIVRW SJ IPIGXVMGEP EGXMZMX] MR XLI JEGMEP QYWGPIW ERH MR XLI FVEMR 8LI JEGMEP JIIHFEGO L]TSXLIWMW EVKYIW LS[IZIV XLEX XLI GEYWEP VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR IQSXMSRW ERH JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW GER EPWS [SVO MR XLI STTSWMXI HMVIGXMSR %GGSVHMRK XS XLMW L]TSXLIWMW WMKREPW JVSQ XLI JE GMEP QYWGPIW qJIIHFEGOr EVI WIRX FEGO XS IQSXMSR GIRXIVW SJ XLI FVEMR ERH WS E TIV WSRtW JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSR GER MRJPYIRGI XLEX TIVWSRtW IQSXMSREP WXEXI 'SRWMHIV (EV[MRtW [SVHW q8LI JVII I\TVIWWMSR F] SYX[EVH WMKRW SJ ER IQSXMSR MRXIRWMJMIW MX 3R XLI SXLIV LERH XLI VITVIWWMSR EW JEV EW TSWWMFPI SJ EPP SYX[EVH WMKRW WSJXIRW SYV IQS XMSRW r 'ER WQMPMRK KMZI VMWI XS JIIPMRKW SJ KSSH [MPP JSV I\EQTPI ERH JVS[RMRK XS ERKIV#
4W]GLSPSKMGEP VIWIEVGL LEW KMZIR VMWI XS WSQI MRXIVIWXMRK JMRHMRKW GSRGIVRMRK XLI JEGMEP JIIHFEGO L]TSXLIWMW 'EYWMRK TEVXMGMTERXW MR I\TIVMQIRXW XS WQMPI JSV I\EQTPI PIEHW XLIQ XS VITSVX QSVI TSWMXMZI JIIPMRKW ERH XS VEXI GEVXSSRW LYQSVSYW HVE[MRKW SJ TISTPI SV WMXYEXMSRW EW FIMRK QSVI LYQSVSYW ;LIR XLI] EVI GEYWIH XS JVS[R XLI] VEXI GEVXSSRW EW FIMRK QSVI EKKVIWWMZI
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qGVS[tW JIIXr [VMROPIW
6IEHMRK
4
%
6
%
EVSYRH XLI I]IW ERH E WYFXPI HVST MR XLI I]I GSZIV JSPH WS XLEX XLI WOMR EFSZI XLI I]I QSZIW HS[R WPMKLXP] XS[EVH XLI I]IFEPP GER PIEH XS TPIEWERX JIIPMRKW
)OQERtW SFWIVZEXMSR QE] FI VIPIZERX XS XLI &VMXMWL I\TVIWWMSR qOIIT E WXMJJ YTTIV PMTr EW E VIGSQQIRHEXMSR JSV LERHPMRK WXVIWW -X QMKLX FI XLEX E qWXMJJr PMT WYTTVIWWIW IQSXMSREP VIWTSRWIhEW PSRK EW XLI PMT MW RSX UYMZIVMRK [MXL JIEV SV XIRWMSR &YX [LIR XLI IQSXMSR XLEX PIEHW XS WXMJJIRMRK XLI PMT MW QSVI MRXIRWI ERH MRZSPZIW WXVSRK QYW GPI XIRWMSR JEGMEP JIIHFEGO QE] LIMKLXIR IQSXMSREP VIWTSRWI
.S] ERH WEHRIWW EVI I\TIVMIRGIH F] TISTPI MR EPP GYPXYVIW EVSYRH XLI [SVPH FYX LS[ GER [I XIPP [LIR SXLIV TISTPI EVI LETT] SV HIWTSRHIRX# -X XYVRW SYX XLEX XLI I\TVIW WMSR SJ QER] IQSXMSRW QE] FI YRMZIVWEP 7QMPMRK MW ETTEVIRXP] E YRMZIVWEP WMKR SJ
+JVMIRHPMRIWW ERH ETTVSZEP &EVMRK XLI XIIXL MR E LSWXMPI [E] EW RSXIH F] 'LEVPIW (EV
6
%[MR MR XLI RMRIXIIRXL GIRXYV] QE] FI E YRMZIVWEP WMKR SJ ERKIV %W XLI SVMKMREXSV SJ
4
,
XLI XLISV] SJ IZSPYXMSR (EV[MR FIPMIZIH XLEX XLI YRMZIVWEP VIGSKRMXMSR SJ JEGMEP I\ TVIWWMSRW [SYPH LEZI WYVZMZEP ZEPYI *SV I\EQTPI JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW GSYPH WMKREP XLI ETTVSEGL SJ IRIQMIW SV JVMIRHW MR XLI EFWIRGI SJ PERKYEKI
(MVIGXMSRW
8LI [SVH HIWTSRHIRX MR XLI TEWWEKI MW GPSWIWX MR QIERMRK XS
GYVMSYW
YRLETT]
XLSYKLXJYP
YRGIVXEMR
8LI EYXLSV QIRXMSRW q&EVMRK XLI XIIXL MR E LSWXMPI [E]r MR SVHIV XS
HMJJIVIRXMEXI SRI TSWWMFPI QIERMRK SJ E TEVXMGYPEV JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSR JVSQ SXLIV QIERMRKW SJ MX
WYTTSVX (EV[MRtW XLISV] SJ IZSPYXMSR
TVSZMHI ER I\EQTPI SJ E JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSR [LSWI QIERMRK MW [MHIP] YRHIVWXSSH
GSRXVEWX E JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSR XLEX MW IEWMP] YRHIVWXSSH [MXL SXLIV JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW
+3 32 83 8,) 2)<8 4%+) K
83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX
1SWX MRZIWXMKEXSVW GSRGYV XLEX GIVXEMR JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW WYKKIWX XLI WEQI IQSXMSRW MR EPP TISTPI 1SVISZIV TISTPI MR HMZIVWI GYPXYVIW VIGSKRM^I XLI IQSXMSRW QERMJIWXIH F] XLI JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW -R GPEWWMG VIWIEVGL 4EYP )OQER XSSO TLSXSKVETLW SJ TISTPI
I\LMFMXMRK XLI IQSXMSRW SJ ERKIV HMWKYWX JIEV LETTMRIWW ERH WEHRIWW ,I XLIR EWOIH
4
%TISTPI EVSYRH XLI [SVPH XS MRHMGEXI [LEX IQSXMSRW [IVI FIMRK HITMGXIH MR XLIQ
6 |
8LSWI UYIVMIH VERKIH JVSQ )YVSTIER GSPPIKI WXYHIRXW XS QIQFIVW SJ XLI *SVI E XVMFI |
|
% |
||
|
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+ |
XLEX H[IPPW MR XLI 2I[ +YMRIE LMKLPERHW %PP KVSYTW MRGPYHMRK XLI *SVI [LS LEH |
|
6 |
||
|
%EPQSWX RS GSRXEGX [MXL ;IWXIVR GYPXYVI EKVIIH SR XLI TSVXVE]IH IQSXMSRW 8LI *SVI
4
,EPWS HMWTPE]IH JEQMPMEV JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW [LIR EWOIH LS[ XLI] [SYPH VIWTSRH MJ XLI]
[IVI XLI GLEVEGXIVW MR WXSVMIW XLEX GEPPIH JSV FEWMG IQSXMSREP VIWTSRWIW )OQER ERH LMW GSPPIEKYIW QSVI VIGIRXP] SFXEMRIH WMQMPEV VIWYPXW MR E WXYH] SJ XIR GYPXYVIW MR [LMGL TEVXMGMTERXW [IVI TIVQMXXIH XS VITSVX XLEX QYPXMTPI IQSXMSRW [IVI WLS[R F] JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW 8LI TEVXMGMTERXW KIRIVEPP] EKVIIH SR [LMGL X[S IQSXMSRW [IVI FIMRK WLS[R ERH [LMGL IQSXMSR [EW QSVI MRXIRWI
8LI [SVH GSRGYV MR XLI TEWWEKI MW GPSWIWX MR QIERMRK XS
IWXMQEXI
EKVII
I\TIGX
YRHIVWXERH
8LI [SVH XLIQ MR XLI TEWWEKI VIJIVW XS
IQSXMSRW
TISTPI
TLSXSKVETLW
GYPXYVIW
%GGSVHMRK XS TEVEKVETL [LMGL SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK [EW XVYI SJ XLI *SVI TISTPI SJ 2I[ +YMRIE#
8LI] HMH RSX [ERX XS FI WLS[R TLSXSKVETLW 8LI] [IVI JEQSYW JSV XLIMV WXSV] XIPPMRK WOMPPW 8LI] ORI[ ZIV] PMXXPI EFSYX ;IWXIVR GYPXYVI 8LI] HMH RSX IRGSYVEKI XLI I\TVIWWMSR SJ IQSXMSRW
;LMGL SJ XLI WIRXIRGIW FIPS[ FIWX I\TVIWWIW XLI IWWIRXMEP MRJSVQEXMSR MR XLI LMKLPMKLXIH WIRXIRGI MR XLI TEWWEKI# 
GLSMGIW GLERKI XLI QIERMRK MR MQTSVXERX [E]W SV PIEZI SYX IWWIRXMEP MRJSVQEXMSR
8LI *SVItW JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW MRHMGEXIH XLIMV YR[MPPMRKRIWW XS TVIXIRH XS FI WXSV] GLEVEGXIVW 8LI *SVI [IVI EWOIH XS HMWTPE] JEQMPMEV JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW [LIR XLI] XSPH XLIMV WXSVMIW 8LI *SVI I\LMFMXIH XLI WEQI VIPEXMSRWLMT SJ JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW ERH FEWMG IQS XMSRW XLEX MW WIIR MR ;IWXIVR GYPXYVI [LIR XLI] EGXIH SYX WXSVMIW 8LI *SVI [IVI JEQMPMEV [MXL XLI JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW ERH FEWMG IQSXMSRW SJ GLEVEG XIVW MR WXSVMIW
6IEHMRK
4
%
6
%
+
6
%
4
,
4W]GLSPSKMGEP VIWIEVGLIVW KIRIVEPP] VIGSKRM^I XLEX JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW VIJPIGX IQS XMSREP WXEXIW -R JEGX ZEVMSYW IQSXMSREP WXEXIW KMZI VMWI XS GIVXEMR TEXXIVRW SJ IPIGXVMGEP EGXMZMX] MR XLI JEGMEP QYWGPIW ERH MR XLI FVEMR 8LI JEGMEP JIIHFEGO L]TSXLIWMW EVKYIW LS[IZIV XLEX XLI GEYWEP VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR IQSXMSRW ERH JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW GER EPWS [SVO MR XLI STTSWMXI HMVIGXMSR %GGSVHMRK XS XLMW L]TSXLIWMW WMKREPW JVSQ XLI JE GMEP QYWGPIW qJIIHFEGOr EVI WIRX FEGO XS IQSXMSR GIRXIVW SJ XLI FVEMR ERH WS E TIV WSRtW JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSR GER MRJPYIRGI XLEX TIVWSRtW IQSXMSREP WXEXI 'SRWMHIV (EV[MRtW [SVHW q8LI JVII I\TVIWWMSR F] SYX[EVH WMKRW SJ ER IQSXMSR MRXIRWMJMIW MX 3R XLI
SXLIV LERH XLI VITVIWWMSR EW JEV EW TSWWMFPI SJ EPP SYX[EVH WMKRW WSJXIRW SYV IQS XMSRW r 'ER WQMPMRK KMZI VMWI XS JIIPMRKW SJ KSSH [MPP JSV I\EQTPI ERH JVS[RMRK XS ERKIV#
%GGSVHMRK XS XLI TEWWEKI [LEX HMH (EV[MR FIPMIZI [SYPH LETTIR XS LYQER IQSXMSRW XLEX [IVI RSX I\TVIWWIH#
8LI] [SYPH FIGSQI PIWW MRXIRWI
8LI] [SYPH PEWX PSRKIV XLER YWYEP
8LI] [SYPH GEYWI TVSFPIQW PEXIV
8LI] [SYPH FIGSQI QSVI RIKEXMZI
4
%
6
%
+
6
%
4
,
4W]GLSPSKMGEP VIWIEVGL LEW KMZIR VMWI XS WSQI MRXIVIWXMRK JMRHMRKW GSRGIVRMRK XLI JEGMEP JIIHFEGO L]TSXLIWMW 'EYWMRK TEVXMGMTERXW MR I\TIVMQIRXW XS WQMPI JSV I\EQTPI PIEHW XLIQ XS VITSVX QSVI TSWMXMZI JIIPMRKW ERH XS VEXI GEVXSSRW LYQSVSYW HVE[MRKW SJ TISTPI SV WMXYEXMSRW EW FIMRK QSVI LYQSVSYW ;LIR XLI] EVI GEYWIH XS JVS[R XLI] VEXI GEVXSSRW EW FIMRK QSVI EKKVIWWMZI
%GGSVHMRK XS XLI TEWWEKI VIWIEVGL MRZSPZMRK [LMGL SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK WYTTSVXIH XLI JEGMEP JIIHFEGO L]TSXLIWMW#
8LI VIEGXMSRW SJ TISTPI MR I\TIVMQIRXW XS GEVXSSRW 8LI XIRHIRG] SJ TISTPI MR I\TIVMQIRXW XS GSSTIVEXI 8LI VIPIEWI SJ RIYVSXVERWQMXXIVW F] TISTPI HYVMRK I\TIVMQIRXW 8LI PSRK XIVQ IJJIGXW SJ VITVIWWMRK IQSXMSRW
8LI [SVH VEXI MR XLI TEWWEKI MW GPSWIWX MR QIERMRK XS
NYHKI VINIGX HVE[ [ERX
+3 32 83 8,) 2)<8 4%+) K
83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX
4
%
6
%
+
6
%
4
,
)OQERtW SFWIVZEXMSR QE] FI VIPIZERX XS XLI &VMXMWL I\TVIWWMSR qOIIT E WXMJJ YTTIV PMTr EW E VIGSQQIRHEXMSR JSV LERHPMRK WXVIWW -X QMKLX FI XLEX E qWXMJJr PMT WYTTVIWWIW IQSXMSREP VIWTSRWIhEW PSRK EW XLI PMT MW RSX UYMZIVMRK [MXL JIEV SV XIRWMSR &YX [LIR XLI IQSXMSR XLEX PIEHW XS WXMJJIRMRK XLI PMT MW QSVI MRXIRWI ERH MRZSPZIW WXVSRK QYW GPI XIRWMSR JEGMEP JIIHFEGO QE] LIMKLXIR IQSXMSREP VIWTSRWI
8LI [SVH VIPIZERX MR XLI TEWWEKI MW GPSWIWX MR QIERMRK XS
GSRXVEHMGXSV]
GSRJYWMRK
HITIRHIRX
ETTPMGEFPI
%GGSVHMRK XS XLI TEWWEKI WXMJJIRMRK XLI YTTIV PMT QE] LEZI [LMGL SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK IJJIGXW#
-X JMVWX WYTTVIWWIW WXVIWW XLIR MRXIRWMJMIW MX -X QE] GEYWI JIEV ERH XIRWMSR MR XLSWI [LS WII MX -X GER HEQEKI XLI PMT QYWGPIW -X QE] IMXLIV LIMKLXIR SV VIHYGI IQSXMSREP VIWTSRWI
4
%
6
%
1SWX MRZIWXMKEXSVW GSRGYV XLEX GIVXEMR JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW WYKKIWX XLI WEQI IQS XMSRW MR EPP TISTPI 1SVISZIV TISTPI MR HMZIVWI GYPXYVIW VIGSKRM^I XLI IQSXMSRW QERMJIWXIH F] XLI JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW -R GPEWWMG VIWIEVGL 4EYP )OQER XSSO TLSXS KVETLW SJ TISTPI I\LMFMXMRK XLI IQSXMSRW SJ ERKIV HMWKYWX JIEV LETTMRIWW ERH WEH RIWW ,I XLIR EWOIH TISTPI EVSYRH XLI [SVPH XS MRHMGEXI [LEX IQSXMSRW [IVI FIMRK HITMGXIH MR XLIQ 8LSWI UYIVMIH VERKIH JVSQ )YVSTIER GSPPIKI WXYHIRXW XS QIQFIVW
+SJ XLI *SVI E XVMFI XLEX H[IPPW MR XLI 2I[ +YMRIE LMKLPERHW %PP KVSYTW MRGPYHMRK XLI
6
%*SVI [LS LEH EPQSWX RS GSRXEGX [MXL ;IWXIVR GYPXYVI EKVIIH SR XLI TSVXVE]IH IQS
4
,
XMSRW 8LI *SVI EPWS HMWTPE]IH JEQMPMEV JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW [LIR EWOIH LS[ XLI] [SYPH VIWTSRH MJ XLI] [IVI XLI GLEVEGXIVW MR WXSVMIW XLEX GEPPIH JSV FEWMG IQSXMSREP VI WTSRWIW )OQER ERH LMW GSPPIEKYIW QSVI VIGIRXP] SFXEMRIH WMQMPEV VIWYPXW MR E WXYH] SJ XIR GYPXYVIW MR [LMGL TEVXMGMTERXW [IVI TIVQMXXIH XS VITSVX XLEX QYPXMTPI IQSXMSRW [IVI WLS[R F] JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW 8LI TEVXMGMTERXW KIRIVEPP] EKVIIH SR [LMGL X[S IQSXMSRW [IVI FIMRK WLS[R ERH [LMGL IQSXMSR [EW QSVI MRXIRWI
0SSO EX XLI JSYV WUYEVIW ? A XLEX MRHMGEXI [LIVI XLI JSPPS[MRK WIRXIRGI GSYPH FI EHHIH XS XLI TEWWEKI
8LMW YRMZIVWEPMX] MR XLI VIGSKRMXMSR SJ IQSXMSRW [EW HIQSRWXVEXIH F] YWMRK VEXLIV WMQTPI QIXLSHW
;LIVI [SYPH XLI WIRXIRGI FIWX JMX#
8LMW YRMZIVWEPMX] MR XLI VIGSKRMXMSR SJ IQSXMSRW [EW HIQSRWXVEXIH F] YWMRK VEXLIV WMQTPI QIXLSHW 1SWX MRZIWXMKEXSVW GSRGYV XLEX GIVXEMR JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW WYKKIWX XLI WEQI IQSXMSRW MR EPP TISTPI 1SVISZIV TISTPI MR HMZIVWI GYPXYVIW VIGSKRM^I XLI IQSXMSRW QERMJIWXIH F] XLI JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW -R GPEWWMG VI
6IEHMRK
WIEVGL 4EYP )OQER XSSO TLSXSKVETLW SJ TISTPI I\LMFMXMRK XLI IQSXMSRW SJ ERKIV HMWKYWX JIEV LETTMRIWW ERH WEHRIWW ,I XLIR EWOIH TISTPI EVSYRH XLI [SVPH XS MRHMGEXI [LEX IQSXMSRW [IVI FIMRK HITMGXIH MR XLIQ 8LSWI UYIVMIH VERKIH JVSQ )YVSTIER GSPPIKI WXYHIRXW XS QIQFIVW SJ XLI *SVI E XVMFI XLEX H[IPPW MR XLI 2I[ +YMRIE LMKLPERHW %PP KVSYTW MRGPYHMRK XLI *SVI [LS LEH EPQSWX RS GSR XEGX [MXL ;IWXIVR GYPXYVI EKVIIH SR XLI TSVXVE]IH IQSXMSRW 8LI *SVI EPWS HMW TPE]IH JEQMPMEV JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW [LIR EWOIH LS[ XLI] [SYPH VIWTSRH MJ XLI] [IVI XLI GLEVEGXIVW MR WXSVMIW XLEX GEPPIH JSV FEWMG IQSXMSREP VIWTSRWIW )OQER ERH LMW GSPPIEKYIW QSVI VIGIRXP] SFXEMRIH WMQMPEV VIWYPXW MR E WXYH] SJ XIR GYP XYVIW MR [LMGL TEVXMGMTERXW [IVI TIVQMXXIH XS VITSVX XLEX QYPXMTPI IQSXMSRW [IVI WLS[R F] JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW 8LI TEVXMGMTERXW KIRIVEPP] EKVIIH SR [LMGL X[S IQSXMSRW [IVI FIMRK WLS[R ERH [LMGL IQSXMSR [EW QSVI MRXIRWI
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
+3 32 83 8,) 2)<8 4%+) K
83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX
IQSXMSRW [IVI WLS[R F] JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW 8LI TEVXMGMTERXW KIRIVEPP] EKVIIH SR [LMGL X[S IQSXMSRW [IVI FIMRK WLS[R ERH [LMGL IQSXMSR [EW QSVI MRXIRWI
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
6IEHMRK
(MVIGXMSRW 
8LMW UYIWXMSR MW [SVXL TSMRXW
4W]GLSPSKMGEP VIWIEVGL WIIQW XS GSRJMVQ XLEX TISTPI EWWSGMEXI TEVXMGYPEV JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW [MXL XLI WEQI IQSXMSRW EGVSWW GYPXYVIW
F
F
F
%VXMJMGMEPP] TVSHYGMRK XLI (YGLIRRI WQMPI GER GEYWI E TIVWSR XS LEZI TPIEWERX JIIPMRKW
*EGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW ERH IQSXMSREP WXEXIW MRXIVEGX [MXL IEGL SXLIV XLVSYKL E ZEVMIX] SJ JIIHFEGO QIGLERMWQW
4ISTPI GSQQSRP] FIPMIZI XLEX XLI] GER GSRXVSP XLIMV JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW WS XLEX XLIMV XVYI IQSXMSRW VIQEMR LMHHIR
% TIVWSRtW JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSR QE] VIJPIGX XLI TIVWSRtW IQSXMSREP WXEXI
)OQER EVKYIH XLEX XLI EFMPMX] XS EGGYVEXIP] VIGSKRM^I XLI IQSXMSREP GSRXIRX SJ JEGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW [EW ZEPYEFPI JSV LYQER FIMRKW
*EGMEP I\TVIWWMSRW XLEX SGGYV EW E VIWYPX SJ ER MRHMZMHYEPtW IQSXMSREP WXEXI QE] XLIQWIPZIW JIIH FEGO MRJSVQEXMSR XLEX MRJPYIRGIW XLI TIVWSRtW IQSXMSRW
+3 32 83 8,) 2)<8 4%+) K
83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX
+)303+= %2( 0%2(7'%4)
1SWX TISTPI GSRWMHIV XLI PERHWGETI XS FI YRGLERKMRK FYX )EVXL MW E H]REQMG FSH] ERH MXW WYVJEGI MW GSRXMRYEPP] EPXIVMRKhWPS[P] SR XLI LYQER XMQI WGEPI FYX VIPEXMZIP] VETMHP] [LIR GSQTEVIH XS XLI KVIEX EKI SJ )EVXL EFSYX FMPPMSR ]IEVW 8LIVI EVI X[S TVMRGMTEP MRJPYIRGIW XLEX WLETI XLI XIVVEMR GSRWXVYGXMZI TVSGIWWIW WYGL EW YTPMJX [LMGL GVIEXI RI[ PERHWGETI JIEXYVIW ERH HIWXVYGXMZI JSVGIW WYGL EW IVSWMSR [LMGL KVEHYEPP] [IEV E[E] I\TSWIH PERHJSVQW
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
8LI )EVXLtW GVYWX MW XLSYKLX XS FI HMZMHIH MRXS LYKI QSZEFPI WIKQIRXW GEPPIH TPEXIW [LMGL JPSEX SR E WSJX TPEWXMG PE]IV SJ VSGO 7SQI QSYRXEMRW [IVI JSVQIH EW E VIWYPX SJ XLIWI TPEXIW GVEWLMRK MRXS IEGL SXLIV ERH JSVGMRK YT XLI VSGO EX XLI TPEXI QEV KMRW -R XLMW TVSGIWW WIHMQIRXEV] VSGOW XLEX SVMKMREPP] JSVQIH SR XLI WIEFIH QE] FI JSPHIH YT[EVHW XS EPXMXYHIW SJ QSVI XLER JIIX 3XLIV QSYRXEMRW QE] FI VEMWIH F] IEVXLUYEOIW [LMGL JVEGXYVI XLI )EVXLtW GVYWX ERH GER HMWTPEGI IRSYKL VSGO XS TVS HYGI FPSGO QSYRXEMRW % XLMVH X]TI SJ QSYRXEMR QE] FI JSVQIH EW E VIWYPX SJ ZSPGERMG EGXMZMX] [LMGL SGGYVW MR VIKMSRW SJ EGXMZI JSPH QSYRXEMR FIPXW WYGL EW MR XLI 'EWGEHI 6ERKI SJ [IWXIVR 2SVXL %QIVMGE 8LI 'EWGEHIW EVI QEHI YT SJ PEZEW ERH ZSPGERMG QEXIVMEPW 1ER] SJ XLI TIEOW EVI I\XMRGX ZSPGERSIW
;LEXIZIV XLI VIEWSR JSV QSYRXEMR JSVQEXMSR EW WSSR EW PERH VMWIW EFSZI WIE PIZIP MX MW WYFNIGXIH XS HIWXVYGXMZI JSVGIW 8LI I\TSWIH VSGOW EVI EXXEGOIH F] XLI ZEVM SYW [IEXLIV TVSGIWWIW ERH KVEHYEPP] FVSOIR HS[R MRXS JVEKQIRXW [LMGL EVI XLIR GEVVMIH E[E] ERH PEXIV HITSWMXIH EW WIHMQIRXW 8LYW ER] PERHWGETI VITVIWIRXW SRP] E XIQTSVEV] WXEKI MR XLI GSRXMRYSYW FEXXPI FIX[IIR XLI JSVGIW SJ YTPMJX ERH XLSWI SJ IVSWMSR
8LI [IEXLIV MR MXW QER] JSVQW MW XLI QEMR EKIRX SJ IVSWMSR 6EMR [EWLIW E[E] PSSWI WSMP ERH TIRIXVEXIW GVEGOW MR XLI VSGOW 'EVFSR HMS\MHI MR XLI EMV VIEGXW [MXL XLI VEMR[EXIV JSVQMRK E [IEO EGMH GEVFSRMG EGMH XLEX QE] GLIQMGEPP] EXXEGO XLI VSGOW 8LI VEMR WIITW YRHIVKVSYRH ERH XLI [EXIV QE] VIETTIEV PEXIV EW WTVMRKW 8LIWI WTVMRKW EVI XLI WSYVGIW SJ WXVIEQW ERH VMZIVW [LMGL GYX XLVSYKL XLI VSGOW ERH GEVV] E[E] HIFVMW JVSQ XLI QSYRXEMRW XS XLI PS[PERHW
9RHIV ZIV] GSPH GSRHMXMSRW VSGOW GER FI WLEXXIVIH F] MGI ERH JVSWX +PEGMIVW QE] JSVQ MR TIVQERIRXP] GSPH EVIEW ERH XLIWI WPS[P] QSZMRK QEWWIW SJ MGI GYX SYX ZEP PI]W GEVV]MRK [MXL XLIQ LYKI UYERXMXMIW SJ IVSHIH VSGO HIFVMW -R HV] EVIEW XLI [MRH MW XLI TVMRGMTEP EKIRX SJ IVSWMSR -X GEVVMIW JMRI TEVXMGPIW SJ WERH [LMGL FSQFEVH I\TSWIH VSGO WYVJEGIW XLIVIF] [IEVMRK XLIQ MRXS ]IX QSVI WERH )ZIR PMZMRK XLMRKW GSRXVMFYXI XS XLI JSVQEXMSR SJ PERHWGETIW 8VII VSSXW JSVGI XLIMV [E] MRXS GVEGOW MR