Offi-Guid-TOEFL

%RW[IVW )\TPEREXMSRW ERH 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTXW

7TIEOMRK

0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTXW ERH 7EQTPI 6IWTSRWIW ;MXL 6EXIVWt 'SQQIRXW

9WI XLI WEQTPI -RHITIRHIRX ERH -RXIKVEXIH 7TIEOMRK VYFVMGW SR TEKIW XS XS WII LS[ VIWTSRWIW EVI WGSVIH 8LI VEXIVW [LS PMWXIR XS ]SYV VIWTSRWI [MPP ERE P]^I MX MR XLVII KIRIVEP GEXIKSVMIW 8LIWI GEXIKSVMIW EVI (IPMZIV] 0ERKYEKI 9WI ERH 8STMG (IZIPSTQIRX %PP XLVII GEXIKSVMIW LEZI IUYEP MQTSVXERGI

8LMW WIGXMSR MRGPYHIW MQTSVXERX TSMRXW XLEX WLSYPH FI GSZIVIH [LIR ERW[IV MRK IEGL UYIWXMSR %PP SJ XLIWI TSMRXW QYWX FI TVIWIRX MR E VIWTSRWI MR SVHIV JSV MX XS VIGIMZI XLI LMKLIWX WGSVI MR XLI 8STMG (IZIPSTQIRX GEXIKSV] 8LIWI MQTSVXERX TSMRXW EVI KYMHIW XS XLI OMRH SJ MRJSVQEXMSR VEXIVW I\TIGX XS LIEV MR E LMKL PIZIP VIWTSRWI

8LMW WIGXMSR EPWS VIJIVW XS I\EQTPI VIWTSRWIW SR XLI EGGSQTER]MRK EYHMS XVEGOW 7SQI VIWTSRWIW [IVI WGSVIH EX XLI LMKLIWX PIZIP [LMPI SXLIVW [IVI RSX 8LI VIWTSRWIW EVI JSPPS[IH F] I\TPEREXMSRW JSV XLIMV WGSVIW

5YIWXMSR

8VEGO 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTX

2EVVEXSV

'LSSWI E TPEGI ]SY KS XS SJXIR XLEX MW MQTSVXERX XS ]SY ERH I\TPEMR [L] MX MW MQTSV XERX 4PIEWI MRGPYHI WTIGMJMG HIXEMPW MR ]SYV I\TPEREXMSR

4VITEVEXMSR XMQI WIGSRHW 6IWTSRWI XMQI WIGSRHW

-QTSVXERX 4SMRXW

-R XLMW UYIWXMSR ]SY EVI EWOIH XS XEPO EFSYX E TPEGI ]SY PMOI XS KS SJXIR ERH I\TPEMR [L] MX MW MQTSVXERX XS ]SY 4ISTPI [LS PMWXIR XS ]SYV VIWTSRWI WLSYPH FI EFPI XS IEWMP] JSPPS[ XLI TVSKVIWWMSR SJ ]SYV MHIEW 6IWTSRWIW WGSVIH EX XLI LMKL IWX PIZIP GSRXEMR MHIEW WYTTSVXIH [MXL HIXEMPW ERH IPEFSVEXMSR XLEX KS FI]SRH WMQ TPI WXVYGXYVIW *SV I\EQTPI XLI VIWTSRWI q- PMOI XLMW TPEGI FIGEYWI MX MW RMGIr HSIW RSX LEZI IRSYKL HIXEMP ;L] MW XLMW TPEGI RMGI# (IZIPSTMRK XLMW MHIE QSVI QMKLX PSSO PMOI XLMW q- PMOI XLMW TPEGI FIGEYWI MX MW UYMIX ERH TIEGIJYP 0MWXIRMRK XS XLI SGIER [EZIW SR XLI FIEGL VIPE\IW QI ERH LIPTW QI XS VIPMIZI WXVIWW r

83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX

7EQTPI 6IWTSRWIW

8LI WTIEOIV GSRXMRYIW WTIEOMRK XLVSYKLSYX XLI IRXMVI WIGSRHW 7LI WTIEOW GPIEVP] YWMRK E ZEVMIX] SJ ZSGEFYPEV] ERH E [MHI VERKI SJ KVEQQEV ,IV VIEWSRW EVI [IPP HIZIPSTIH 7LI YWIW WTIGMJMG HIXEMPW EFSYX [L] *VERGI MW ER MQTSVXERX TPEGI JSV LIV -RWXIEH SJ NYWX WE]MRK q-tQ MRXIVIWXIH MR *VIRGL GYPXYVI FIGEYWI MX MW MRXIVIWXMRK r WLI IPEFSVEXIW F] XEPOMRK EFSYX LIV JVMIRH LIV MRXIVIWX MR *VIRGL LMW XSV] ERH GYPXYVI JVSQ E ]SYRK EKI ERH XLI JSSH 8LIVI MW E PSKMGEP TVSKVIWWMSR SJ MHIEW XLEX QEOIW XLI VIWTSRWI IEW] XS YRHIVWXERH

8LMW VIWTSRWI MW WYWXEMRIH ERH XLI WTIIGL MW KIRIVEPP] YRHIVWXERHEFPI %X XMQIW XLSYKL XLI WTIEOIVtW TVSRYRGMEXMSR QEOIW MX HMJJMGYPX XS YRHIVWXERH XLI QIERMRK SJ LIV MHIEW 7LI VIEPP] KMZIW SRP] SRI VIEWSR [L] WLI PMOIW WLSTTMRK 8LMW VIEWSR MW YWIH VITIXMXMZIP] [MXLSYX QYGL IPEFSVEXMSR 7LSTTMRK MW WSQIXLMRK WLI PMOIW ZIV] QYGL ERH QEOIW LIV JIIP FIXXIV 7LI GSYPH LEZI EHHIH GSQTPI\MX] XS LIV MHIEW F] WE]MRK WSQIXLMRK PMOI q;LIR - KS WLSTTMRK - YWYEPP] KS [MXL JVMIRHW ERH [I LEZI E KSSH XMQI XSKIXLIV [MXLSYX XLMROMRK EFSYX NSFW SV WGLSSP[SVO r 7LI EPWS QEOIW WSQI FEWMG KVEQQEXMGEP IVVSVW ERH YWIW E PMQMXIH VERKI SJ ZSGEFYPEV]

5YIWXMSR

8VEGO 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTX

2EVVEXSV

7SQI GSPPIKI WXYHIRXW GLSSWI XS XEOI GSYVWIW MR E ZEVMIX] SJ WYFNIGX EVIEW MR SVHIV XS KIX E FVSEH IHYGEXMSR 3XLIVW GLSSWI XS JSGYW SR E WMRKPI WYFNIGX EVIE MR SVHIV XS LEZI E HIITIV YRHIVWXERHMRK SJ XLEX EVIE ;LMGL ETTVSEGL XS GSYVWI WIPIGXMSR HS ]SY XLMRO MW FIXXIV JSV WXYHIRXW ERH [L]#

4VITEVEXMSR XMQI WIGSRHW 6IWTSRWI XMQI WIGSRHW

-QTSVXERX 4SMRXW

-R XLMW UYIWXMSR ]SY EVI EWOIH XS QEOI E GLSMGI FIX[IIR X[S KMZIR STXMSRW -R E GSQTPIXI [IPP HIZIPSTIH VIWTSRWI ]SY WLSYPH GPIEVP] WXEXI ]SYV GLSMGI TVIJIV IRGI =SY QE] GLSSWI FSXL STXMSRW FYX ]SY QYWX WYTTSVX FSXL SJ XLIQ [MXL VIE WSRW XLEX EVI HIXEMPIH -J ]SY XLMRO XEOMRK E ZEVMIX] SJ GSYVWIW MW FIXXIV QEOI WYVI ]SY I\TPEMR MR HIXEMP [LEX ]SYV VIEWSRW EVI JSV LEZMRK XLEX STMRMSR ,IVI MW ER I\EQTPI q8EOMRK E ZEVMIX] SJ GSYVWIW MW FIXXIV FIGEYWI MX KMZIW ]SY ER STTSVXYRMX] XS PIEVR EFSYX WYFNIGXW SYXWMHI SJ ]SYV JMIPH SJ WXYH] &IGEYWI WS QER] JMIPHW SJ WXYH] EVI VIPEXIH ]SY RIZIV ORS[ [LIR ORS[PIHKI JVSQ SRI EVIE [MPP FI LIPTJYP

%RW[IVW )\TPEREXMSRW ERH 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTXW

MR ERSXLIV r 8LMW OMRH SJ VIWTSRWI GPIEVP] WLS[W [LMGL STXMSR [EW GLSWIR ERH MRGPYHIW E HIXEMPIH VIEWSR [L] MX [EW GLSWIR

7EQTPI 6IWTSRWIW

8LI WTIEOIV KMZIW E XLSYKLXJYP WYWXEMRIH ERW[IV [MXL MHIEW ERH VIEWSRW XLEX TVSKVIWW PSKMGEPP] ,I WTIEOW JPYIRXP] ERH HIQSRWXVEXIW KSSH GSRXVSP SJ KVEQQEV ERH ZSGEFYPEV] [MXL SRP] QMRSV IVVSVW XLEX HS RSX SFWGYVI XLI QIERMRK SJ LMW MHIEW 8LI WTIEOIV ZIV] GPIEVP] WXEXIW LMW STMRMSR XLEX XLI ERW[IV HITIRHW SR [LIXLIV ]SY EVI ER YRHIVKVEHYEXI SV KVEHYEXI WXYHIRX ,I GSRXMRYIW F] KMZMRK E HIXEMPIH VIEWSR XLEX WYTTSVXW IEGL TIVWTIGXMZI

%PXLSYKL XLI WTIEOIVtW TVSRYRGMEXMSR MW GPIEV LMW TEGI MW WPS[ ERH MVVIKYPEV 8LI GPIEVIWX TEVXW SJ LMW WTIIGL EVI [SVHW XLEX LI LEW XEOIR JVSQ XLI TVSQTX SJ XLI UYIWXMSR ,I HIQSRWXVEXIW ZIV] PMQMXIH ZSGEFYPEV] ,MW XLSYKLXW EVI YRHIVWXERH EFPI EX XLI WIRXIRGI PIZIP FYX XLIVI EVI ZIV] JI[ GSRRIGXMSRW FIX[IIR WIRXIRGIW 7YGL GSRRIGXMSRW [SYPH LIPT PMWXIRIVW XS YRHIVWXERH [LEX MW FIMRK WEMH SV IREFPI XLIQ XS TVIHMGX [LEX [MPP PMOIP] GSQI RI\X 8LI STMRMSR MW WXEXIH MR XLI FIKMRRMRK ,S[IZIV LI JVIUYIRXP] YWIW [SVHW JVSQ XLI TVSQTX ERH VITIEXW XLI WEQI MHIE XLVSYKLSYX XLI VIWTSRWI

5YIWXMSR

8VEGO 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTX

2EVVEXSV

8LI YRMZIVWMX] MW TPERRMRK XS IPMQMREXI MXW FYW WIVZMGI 6IEH XLI EVXMGPI JVSQ XLI YRM ZIVWMX] RI[WTETIV EFSYX XLI TPER =SY [MPP LEZI WIGSRHW XS VIEH XLI EVXMGPI &IKMR VIEHMRK RS[

6IEHMRK XMQI WIGSRHW

&YW 7IVZMGI )PMQMREXMSR 4PERRIH

8LI YRMZIVWMX] LEW HIGMHIH XS HMWGSRXMRYI MXW JVII FYW WIVZMGI JSV WXYHIRXW 8LI VIE WSR KMZIR JSV XLMW HIGMWMSR MW XLEX JI[ WXYHIRXW VMHI XLI FYWIW ERH XLI FYWIW EVI I\ TIRWMZI XS STIVEXI 'YVVIRXP] XLI FYWIW VYR JVSQ XLI GIRXIV SJ GEQTYW TEWX YRMZIVWMX] FYMPHMRKW ERH XLVSYKL WSQI SJ XLI RIMKLFSVLSSHW WYVVSYRHMRK XLI GEQ TYW 8LI QSRI] WEZIH F] IPMQMREXMRK XLI FYW WIVZMGI [MPP FI YWIH XS I\TERH XLI SZIVGVS[HIH WXYHIRX TEVOMRK PSXW

83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX

2EVVEXSV

2S[ PMWXIR XS X[S WXYHIRXW HMWGYWWMRK XLI EVXMGPI

1ER

- HSRtX PMOI XLI YRMZIVWMX]tW TPER

;SQER

6IEPP]# -tZI VMHHIR XLSWI FYWIW ERH WSQIXMQIW XLIVI [IVI SRP] E JI[ TISTPI SR XLI FYW -X HMH WIIQ PMOI OMRH SJ E [EWXI

1ER

- WII ]SYV TSMRX &YX - XLMRO XLI TVSFPIQ MW XLI VSYXItW SYX SJ HEXI -X SRP] KSIW XLVSYKL XLI RIMKLFSVLSSHW XLEXtZI KSXXIR XSS I\TIRWMZI JSV WXYHIRXW XS PMZI MR -XtW VMHMGYPSYW XLEX XLI] LEZIRtX EPVIEH] GLERKIH XLI VSYXIh]SY ORS[ WS MX KSIW [LIVI QSWX SJJ GEQTYW WXYHIRXW PMZI RS[ - FIX MJ XLI] HMH XLEX XLI]tH KIX TPIRX] SJ WXYHIRXW VMHMRK XLSWI FYWIW

;SQER

;IPP EX PIEWX XLI]tVI EHHMRK QSVI TEVOMRK -XtW KSXXIR VIEPP] XSYKL XS JMRH E WTEGI

1ER

8LEXtW XLI SXLIV TEVX - HSRtX PMOI EGXYEPP] 'YXXMRK FEGO XLI FYW WIVZMGI ERH EHHMRK TEVO MRKtW NYWX KSRRE IRGSYVEKI QSVI WXYHIRXW XS HVMZI SR GEQTYW %RH XLEXtPP NYWX EHH XS XLI RSMWI EVSYRH GEQTYW ERH GVIEXI QSVI XVEJJMG ERH XLEXtPP MRGVIEWI XLI RIIH JSV QSVI TEVOMRK WTEGIW

;SQER

=IEL - KYIWW - GER WII ]SYV TSMRX 1E]FI MX [SYPH FI FIXXIV MJ QSVI WXYHIRXW YWIH XLI FYWIW MRWXIEH SJ HVMZMRK

1ER

6MKLX %RH XLI YRMZIVWMX] WLSYPH QEOI MX IEWMIV XS HS XLEX RSX LEVHIV

2EVVEXSV

8LI QER I\TVIWWIW LMW STMRMSR SJ XLI YRMZIVWMX]tW TPER XS IPMQMREXI XLI FYW WIVZMGI 7XEXI LMW STMRMSR ERH I\TPEMR XLI VIEWSRW LI KMZIW JSV LSPHMRK XLEX STMRMSR

4VITEVEXMSR XMQI WIGSRHW 6IWTSRWI XMQI WIGSRHW

-QTSVXERX 4SMRXW

8LI YRMZIVWMX] TPERW XS IPMQMREXI XLI FYW WIVZMGI FIGEYWI MX MW XSS I\TIRWMZI XS VYR ERH XSS JI[ WXYHIRXW YWI MX 8LI QER HMWEKVIIW [MXL XLI YRMZIVWMX] TPER ,I FIPMIZIW XLI VIEWSR JI[ WXYHIRXW XEOI XLI FYW MW XLEX XLI VSYXI KSIW XS RIMKLFSV LSSHW [LIVI WXYHIRXW HS RSX PMZI -J XLI VSYXIW [IVI GLERKIH QER] QSVI WXY HIRXW [SYPH VMHI XLI FYW

8LI QER HMWEKVIIW [MXL XLI [E] XLI YRMZIVWMX] TPERW XS YWI XLI QSRI] MX WEZIW SR XLI FYW WIVZMGI &YMPHMRK QSVI TEVOMRK PSXW SR GEQTYW [MPP IRGSYVEKI QSVI WXYHIRXW XS HVMZI SR GEQTYW 8LMW [SYPH MRGVIEWI RSMWI ERH XVEJJMG SR GEQTYW

%RW[IVW )\TPEREXMSRW ERH 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTXW

7EQTPI 6IWTSRWIW

8LI WTIEOIV KMZIW E GPIEV ERH GSLIVIRX VIWTSRWI XLEX MW HIXEMPIH ERH EGGYVEXI ,I WTIEOW UYMGOP] FYX XLMW HSIW RSX TVIZIRX LMQ JVSQ FIMRK YRHIVWXSSH ,I ZIV] GPIEVP] WXEXIW XLI QERtW STMRMSR ERH WYQQEVM^IW XLI QERtW VIEWSRW JSV LEZMRK XLEX STMRMSR ,I YWIW GSQTPI\ KVEQQEXMGEP WXVYGXYVIW ERH E [MHI ZEVMIX] SJ ETTVSTVMEXI ZSGEFYPEV] %W E VIWYPX LMW WTIIGL WIIQW XS JPS[ EYXSQEXMGEPP]

8LI WTIEOIVt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tW GSRGIVR EFSYX MRGVIEWIH RSMWI ERH XVEJJMG SR GEQTYW

5YIWXMSR

8VEGO 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTX

2EVVEXSV

2S[ VIEH XLI TEWWEKI EFSYX XLI REXYVI SJ WSGMEP MRXIVEGXMSR =SY [MPP LEZI WIGSRHW XS VIEH XLI TEWWEKI &IKMR VIEHMRK RS[

6IEHMRK 8MQI WIGSRHW

7SGMEP -RXIVEGXMSR

4ISTPI HIEP [MXL IEGL SXLIV IZIV] HE] 8LMW MRXIVEGXMSR MW EX XLI LIEVX SJ WSGMEP PMJI 8LI WXYH] SJ WSGMEP MRXIVEGXMSR MW GSRGIVRIH [MXL XLI MRJPYIRGI TISTPI LEZI SZIV SRI ERSXLIVtW FILEZMSV 4ISTPI XEOI IEGL SXLIV MRXS EGGSYRX MR XLIMV HEMP] FILEZMSV ERH MR JEGX XLI ZIV] TVIWIRGI SJ SXLIVW GER EJJIGX FILEZMSV *SV I\EQTPI SRI TVMR GMTPI SJ WSGMEP MRXIVEGXMSR EYHMIRGI IJJIGXW WYKKIWXW XLEX MRHMZMHYEPWt [SVO MW EJ JIGXIH F] XLIMV ORS[PIHKI XLEX XLI] EVI ZMWMFPI XS SXLIVW XLEX XLI TVIWIRGI SJ SXLIVW XIRHW XS EPXIV XLI [E] TISTPI FILEZI SV TIVJSVQ ER EGXMZMX]

2EVVEXSV

2S[ PMWXIR XS TEVX SJ E XEPO MR E WSGMSPSK] GPEWW 8LI TVSJIWWSV MW HMWGYWWMRK EYHMIRGI

IJJIGXW

4VSJIWWSV

3/ WS [I WEMH XLEX XLI [E] [I MRXIVEGX [MXL SXLIVW LEW ER MQTEGX SR SYV FILEZMSV

83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX

-R JEGX XLIVItW WSQI MRXIVIWXMRK VIWIEVGL XS WYKKIWX XLEX MR SRI X]TI SJ MRXIVEG XMSRh[LIR [ItVI FIMRK SFWIVZIH WTIGMJMGEPP] [LIR [I ORS[ [ItVI FIMRK [EXGLIH EW [I TIVJSVQ WSQI EGXMZMX]h[I XIRH XS MRGVIEWI XLI WTIIH EX [LMGL [I TIVJSVQ XLEX EGXMZMX]

-R SRI WXYH] GSPPIKI WXYHIRXW [IVI EWOIH XS IEGL TYX SR E TEMV SJ WLSIWhWLSIW [MXL PEGIW XLI] [SYPH LEZI XS XMI 2S[ SRI KVSYT SJ WXYHIRXW [EW XSPH XLEX XLI] [SYPH FI SFWIVZIH 8LI WIGSRH KVSYT LS[IZIV HMHRtX ORS[ XLI] [IVI FIMRK SFWIVZIH 8LI WXYHIRXW [LS [IVI E[EVI XLEX XLI] [IVI FIMRK [EXGLIH EGXYEPP] XMIH XLIMV WLSIW QYGL JEWXIV XLER XLI WXYHIRXW [LS XLSYKLX XLI] [IVI EPSRI

3XLIV WXYHMIW GSRJMVQ XLI WEQI MW XVYI IZIR [LIR [ItVI PIEVRMRK RI[ EGXMZMXMIW 0IXtW WE] WSQISRI MW PIEVRMRK E RI[ XEWOhJSV I\EQTPI PIEVRMRK LS[ XS X]TI ;LIR XLI]tVI GSRWGMSYW SJ FIMRK SFWIVZIH XLI]tPP PMOIP] FIKMR X]TMRK EX E QYGL JEWXIV VEXI XLER XLI] [SYPH MJ XLI] [IVI EPSRI

&YX ERH XLMW MW MRXIVIWXMRK XLI WXYH] EPWS WLS[IH XLEX GIVXEMR GSQQSR FILEZMSVh XLMRKW TISTPI X]TMGEPP] HS PMOI QEOMRK QMWXEOIW [LIR ]SYtVI PIEVRMRK WSQIXLMRK RI[ XLEX FILEZMSV TEXXIVR [MPP EPWS MRGVIEWI 7S MR SXLIV [SVHW [LIR [ItVI PIEVRMRK XS X]TI ERH [I ORS[ [ItVI FIMRK [EXGLIH [ItPP X]TI JEWXIV FYX [ItPP EPWS QEOI QSVI QMWXEOIW

2EVVEXSV

)\TPEMR LS[ XLI I\EQTPIW SJ X]MRK WLSIW ERH PIEVRMRK XS X]TI HIQSRWXVEXI XLI TVMRGM TPI SJ EYHMIRGI IJJIGXW

4VITEVEXMSR XMQI WIGSRHW 6IWTSRWI XMQI WIGSRHW

-QTSVXERX 4SMRXW

8LI TVMRGMTPI SJ EYHMIRGI IJJIGXW WYKKIWXW XLEX [LIR TISTPI EVI E[EVI SJ FIMRK SFWIVZIH XLIMV FILEZMSV GLERKIW 7TIGMJMGEPP] MR XLI X[S WXYHMIW HIWGVMFIH TIS TPI [SVOIH JEWXIV [LIR XLI] [IVI E[EVI SJ FIMRK SFWIVZIH -R SRI WXYH] X[S KVSYTW [IVI XSPH XS TYX SR WLSIW XLEX XMIH 3RI KVSYT [EW XSPH MX [SYPH FI SFWIVZIH ERH XLI SXLIV [EW RSX 8LI KVSYT XLEX ORI[ MX [EW FIMRK SFWIVZIH XMIH WLSIW QYGL JEWXIV XLER XLI SXLIV KVSYT -R PIEVRMRK XS X]TI XLSWI FIMRK SFWIVZIH X]TI JEWXIV FYX XLI] EPWS QEOI QSVI QMWXEOIW XLER XLSWI RSX E[EVI SJ FIMRK SFWIVZIH

7EQTPI 6IWTSRWIW

8LI WTIEOIV WTIEOW GPIEVP] 7LI MHIRXMJMIW XLI GSRGITX SJ EYHMIRGI IJJIGXW ERH XLI X[S I\EQTPIW JVSQ XLI PMWXIRMRK 7LI SVKERM^IW LIV VIWTSRWI MR E PSKMGEP [E] XLEX PIEHW XLI PMWXIRIV JVSQ SRI WIRXIRGI XS XLI RI\X 7LI WYTTSVXW LIV VIWTSRWI [MXL EGGYVEXI HIXEMPW ERH HIQSRWXVEXIW E WSTLMWXMGEXIH PIZIP SJ FSXL KVEQQEXMGEP WXVYGXYVIW ERH ZSGEFYPEV] 8LMW MW IZMHIRX MR XLI [E] WLI WQSSXLP] XVERWMXMSRW JVSQ SRI MHIE XS XLI RI\X ERH XLI IJJMGMIRX YWI SJ PERKYEKI XS EGGYVEXIP] WYQQE

%RW[IVW )\TPEREXMSRW ERH 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTXW

VM^I XLI I\EQTPIW JVSQ XLI PMWXIRMRK 8LIVI EVI SRP] ZIV] QMRSV IVVSVW MR PER KYEKI YWI FYX XLI] HS RSX TVIZIRX LIV VIWTSRWI JVSQ FIMRK YRHIVWXSSH

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

5YIWXMSR

8VEGO 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTX

2EVVEXSV

0MWXIR XS E GSRZIVWEXMSR FIX[IIR E WXYHIRX ERH LIV KISPSK] TVSJIWWSV

1ER

1EV] -tQ WS KPEH - VER MRXS ]SY

;SQER

3L LIPPS 4VSJIWWSV .IRWIR

1ER

0MWXIR - ORS[ MXtW WLSVX RSXMGI ERH QE]FI ]SYtZI EPVIEH] QEHI TPERW JSV WTVMRK FVIEO FYX SRI SJ Q] WXYHIRXW NYWX HVSTTIH SYX SJ XLI JMIPH XVMT XS XLI 7QMXLWSR 6MZIV 'EZIW =SYtVI RI\X SR XLI [EMXMRK PMWX WS RS[ XLIVItW VSSQ JSV ]SY XS GSQI EPSRK

;SQER

=SYtVI OMHHMRK - HMHRtX XLMRO XLIVI [EW E GLERGI ERH [IPP MXtW E XLVII HE] XVMT VMKLX# - EKVIIH XS WTIRH RI\X [IIO LIPTMRK 4VSJIWWSV 'PEVO WIX YT XLI RI[ QYWIYQ I\LMFMXMSR - XLMRO WLItW VIEPP] GSYRXMRK SR QI

1ER

=IEL XLVII HE]W &YX ]SY ORS[ MJ ]SYtH VEXLIV GSQI SR XLI JMIPH XVMT [L] RSX WTIEO [MXL LIV ERH WII MJ WLI LEW ER]SRI XS VITPEGI ]SY#

;SQER

=IEL -tH LEXI XS QMWW SYX SR XLI GEZIW -tPP HIJMRMXIP] EWO 4VSJIWWSV 'PEVO MJ XLIVItW WSQISRI IPWI [LS GSYPH LIPT LIV

1ER

=SY ORS[ [I HSRtX PIEZI YRXMP ;IHRIWHE] -J ]SY WXMPP LEZI XS LIPT SYX ER] GLERGI ]SY GSYPH KIX XLI QYWIYQ WIXYT HSRI FIJSVI XLIR#

83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX

;SQER

3L ]IEL RSX YRXMP ;IHRIWHE] WS XLIR ]IEL QE]FI XLEXtW TSWWMFPI XSS

2EVVEXSV

8LI WTIEOIVW HMWGYWW X[S TSWWMFPI WSPYXMSRW XS XLI [SQERtW TVSFPIQ (IWGVMFI XLI TVSFPIQ ERH XLI X[S WSPYXMSRW 8LIR I\TPEMR [LEX ]SY XLMRO XLI [SQER WLSYPH HS ERH [L]

4VITEVEXMSR XMQI WIGSRHW 6IWTSRWI XMQI WIGSRHW

-QTSVXERX 4SMRXW

8LI TVSFPIQ XLI WXYHIRX JEGIW MW E GSRJPMGX FIX[IIR ER IEVPMIV GSQQMXQIRX XS LIPT [MXL E QYWIYQ I\LMFMXMSR WIXYT ERH E QSVI VIGIRX STTSVXYRMX] XS KS SR E JMIPH XVMT PIH F] SRI SJ LIV TVSJIWWSVW 7LI GSYPH XEPO XS (V 'PEVO EFSYX JMRHMRK E VITPEGIQIRX XS LIPT [MXL WIXXMRK YT XLI QYWIYQ I\LMFMXMSR %W ER EPXIVREXMZI WMRGI XLI JMIPH XVMT HSIWRtX WXEVX YRXMP PEXIV MR XLI [IIO XLI WXYHIRX GSYPH XV] XS JMRMWL WIXXMRK YT XLI I\LMFMX FIJSVI XLI JMIPH XVMT

%JXIV WYQQEVM^MRK XLI TVSFPIQ ERH WSPYXMSRW ]SY WLSYPH GLSSWI XLI WSPYXMSR ]SY XLMRO MW FIWX ERH KMZI E HIXEMPIH VIEWSR *SV I\EQTPI ]SY GSYPH WE] XLEX ]SY XLMRO XLI WXYHIRX WLSYPH WXE] XS WIX YT XLI QYWIYQ I\LMFMX FIGEYWI WLI WLSYPH LSRSV XLI GSQQMXQIRX WLI QEHI XS (V 'PEVO

7EQTPI 6IWTSRWIW

8LIVI EVI QMRSV TVSRYRGMEXMSR ERH MRXSREXMSR IVVSVW FYX XLI] HS RSX TVIZIRX XLI WTIEOIVt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

%RW[IVW )\TPEREXMSRW ERH 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTXW

GMIRXP] WYQQEVM^I XLI WMXYEXMSR 8LI TVSFPIQW ERH X[S WSPYXMSRW EVI WYQQE VM^IH [MXL XSS QYGL HIXEMP [LMGL TVIZIRXW XLI WTIEOIV JVSQ LEZMRK XMQI XS WXEXI LIV TVIJIVVIH WSPYXMSR ERH KMZI E VIEWSR JSV MX

5YIWXMSR

8VEGO 0MWXIRMRK 7GVMTX

2EVVEXSV

2S[ PMWXIR XS E TEVX SJ E XEPO MR ER IGSRSQMGW GPEWW

4VSJIWWSV

7S PIXtW XEPO EFSYX QSRI] ;LEX MW QSRI]# ;IPP X]TMGEPP] TISTPI XLMRO SJ GSMRW ERH TETIV qFMPPWr EW QSRI] FYX XLEXt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

&YX EW - WEMH GSMRW ERH FMPPW EVIRtX XLI SRP] JSVQ SJ QSRI] YRHIV XLMW FVSEH HIJM RMXMSR 7SQI WSGMIXMIW QEOI YWI SJ E FEVXIV W]WXIQ &EWMGEPP] MR E FEVXIV W]WXIQ TIS TPI I\GLERKI KSSHW ERH WIVZMGIW HMVIGXP] JSV SXLIV KSSHW ERH WIVZMGIW 8LI XE\M HVMZIV JSV I\EQTPI QMKLX KMZI E VMHI XS E JEVQIV MR I\GLERKI JSV WSQI ZIKIXEFPIW 7MRGI XLI ZIKIXEFPIW EVI YWIH XS TE] JSV E WIVZMGI F] SYV FVSEH HIJMRMXMSR XLI ZIKIXEFPIW EVI YWIH MR FEVXIV EW E JSVQ SJ QSRI]

2S[ EW - QIRXMSRIH XLIVItW EPWS E WIGSRH E REVVS[IV HIJMRMXMSR SJ QSRI] -R XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW SRP] GSMRW ERH FMPPW EVI PIKEP XIRHIVhQIERMRK XLEX F] PE[ E WIPPIV QYWX EGGITX XLIQ EW TE]QIRX 8LI XE\M HVMZIV QYWX EGGITX GSMRW SV FMPPW EW TE]QIRX JSV E XE\M VMHI 3/# &YX MR XLI 9 7 XLI XE\M HVMZIV MW RSX VIUYMVIH XS EGGITX ZIKIXEFPIW MR I\GLERKI JSV E VMHI 7S E REVVS[IV HIJMRMXMSR SJ QSRI] QMKLX FI [LEXIZIV MW PIKEP XIRHIV MR E WSGMIX] [LEXIZIV LEW XS FI EGGITXIH EW TE]QIRX

2EVVEXSV

9WMRK TSMRXW ERH I\EQTPIW JVSQ XLI XEPO I\TPEMR XLI X[S HIJMRMXMSRW SJ QSRI] TVI WIRXIH F] XLI TVSJIWWSV

4VITEVEXMSR XMQI WIGSRHW 6IWTSRWI 8MQI WIGSRHW

-QTSVXERX 4SMRXW

9RHIV XLI FVSEH HIJMRMXMSR QSRI] MW ER]XLMRK XLEX GER FI YWIH EW TE]QIRX EW E QIHMYQ SJ I\GLERKI I K GSMRW FMPPW ERH FEVXIV -J ]SY XEOI E XE\M VMHI ]SY GSYPH YWI ZIKIXEFPIW EW TE]QIRX JSV XLI GEF VMHI 9RHIV E REVVS[IV HIJMRMXMSR QSRI] MW ER]XLMRK XLEX QYWX FI EGGITXIH EW TE]QIRX PIKEP XIRHIV -R XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW GSMRW ERH FMPPW EVI PIKEP XIRHIV % XE\M HVMZIV QYWX EGGITX GSMRW ERH FMPPW EW TE]

83)*0 M&8 4VEGXMGI 8IWX

QIRX JSV XLI XE\M VMHI :IKIXEFPIW ERH GVIHMX GEVHW EVI RSX PIKEP XIRHIV MR XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW WS XLI XE\M HVMZIV HSIW RSX LEZI XS EGGITX XLIWI EW TE]QIRX

7EQTPI 6IWTSRWIW

8LI WTIEOIVt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

8LI WTIEOIVtW TVSRYRGMEXMSR MW KIRIVEPP] GPIEV 7LI WYWXEMRW WTIIGL ERH GSRXMRYIW XS XV] XS IPEFSVEXI LIV MHIEW 8LI LIWMXERGI ERH GLSTTMRIWW MRHMGEXIW E PEGO SJ GSRXVSP SJ ZSGEFYPEV] ERH KVEQQEV 8LMW WMKRMJMGERXP] EJJIGXW XLI SZIVEPP MRXIPPMKM FMPMX] SJ XLI VIWTSRWI 7LI GSRZI]W WSQI VIPIZERX HIXEMPW MRGPYHMRK ER EPQSWX EGGYVEXI WYQQEV] SJ FSXL HIJMRMXMSRW SJ QSRI] ,S[IZIV LIV VIWTSRWI MW GPIEVP] MRGSQTPIXI 8LI WTIEOIVtW WXVYKKPI XS JMRH XLI VMKLX [SVHW XS GSRZI] LIV MHIEW TVI ZIRXW LIV JVSQ IJJMGMIRXP] YWMRK LIV XMQI 2IMXLIV SJ XLI I\EQTPIW MW MRGPYHIH MR XLI VIWTSRWI 1SWX SJ LIV MHIEW EVI YRHIVHIZIPSTIH