X Speak on the topic using the following words and word combinations:

floral design, balanced composition, flower arranging, making bouquets and compositions, cut flowers, foliage, herbs, ornamental grasses, abundant varieties, holidays and events, styles of floristry, floristry craft skills, principles of design, original and bespoken floral arrangements, qualitative education and training, opportunity to study.

TEXT B

I Read and learn:

1. poppy мак

2. indecent безтактовний, вульгарний, непривабливий

3. divergent той, що відхиляється у різні боки, що розходиться

4. ivy плющ

5. fidelity вірність

6. pansies братки

7. haughtiness високомірря, надмінність, гордовитість

8. chastity цнотливість, невинність

9. virtue доброчесність, гідність

10. devotion відданість, сильна прихильність

II Read the text and define the main idea of it: Flower Symbolism

Flowers have various different meanings in different cultures. The holidays and events for which flowers are used vary. Poppiesare used to remember fallen soldiers only in Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries. The cultural meaning of colours also strongly affects the choice and use of flowers. People often prefer flowers that are associated with theirethnic groupor country, and various colours may have special meanings ofluckordeathorloveor other basic human traits. A flower such as a red rose might to some mean love, but to others it might be considered indecent or simply puzzling. The vastly divergent views on thewhitecolour can lead to major flower issues. White is viewed as standing for death in manyAsiancultures but is considered a symbol of purity and innocence in many European andAmericancultures. Such differences can lead to difficult issues when a bouquet of white lilies, for example, is delivered.

Purple lilac symbolizes "first emotions of love" in the language of flowers.

The language of flowers, sometimes called floriography, was a Victorian-erameans ofcommunicationin which variousflowersand floral arrangements were used to send coded messages, allowing individuals to express feelings which otherwise could not be spoken. This language was most commonly communicated throughTussie-Mussies, an art which has a following today. King Charles II brought the art to Sweden from Persia in the 17th century, but it originated in two places: first the antiquated floral symbology which had filtered down from antiquity and secondly from the Turkish Salem, or language of objects, developed to communicate any message without the need to write. The Japaneseflower language is called Hanakotoba.

The nuances of the languageare now mostly forgotten, but redrosesstill imply passionate, romanticlove; pink roses stand for a lesser affection; white roses suggestvirtueandchastity; and yellow roses still stand forfriendshipordevotion.

Also commonly known meanings are sunflowers, which can indicate either haughtiness orrespect– they were the favourite flowers ofSt. Julie Billiartfor this reason.Gerbera(Daisy) means innocence or purity. Theiris, being named for the messenger of the gods inGreek mythology, still represents a message being sent. Apansysignifies thought, adaffodilregard, and a string ofivyfidelity.