Question 5: Reign of Henry VIII

Plan:

Henry VII

1. tried to establish good relationships with merchants and gentry.

2. built a huge fleet of merchant ships.

3. forbade anyone except himself to keep armed men.

4. created the new nobility from gentry.

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547)

• was a Renaissance Man

• brutally suppressed the Protestant reformation of the church

• separated the Anglican church from the Roman one

• dissolved monasteries

• established himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

• united of England and Wales 

• reformed the navy

Marriages

1. Catherine of Aragon (daughter Mary of England - 3^rd in line of succession) - marriage declared null and void.

2. Anne Boleyn (daughter Elizabeth of York - 2^nd in line of succession) – execution.

3. Jane Seymour (son Edward VI - 1^st in line of succession) – death of illness.

4. Anne Clements – divorce.

5. Catherine Howard  - execution.

6. Catherine Parr

Main laws passed by Henry VIII

• The Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534 required the clergy to elect bishops nominated by the Sovereign.

• The Act of Supremacy 1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England"

• The Treasons Act 1534 made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse to acknowledge the King as such.

Edward VI

Mary I (Bloody)

Elizabeth I

Mary Stuart

Question 6: Civil War. Republic. Protectorate

Plan:

1642–1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads)  and Royalists (Cawaliers).

1^st , 2^nd - supporters of King Charles I vs supporters of the Long Parliament,

3^rd - supporters of King Charles II vs supporters of the Rump Parliament

NB: The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53), and then with Protectorate (1653–59), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule.

Reasons

1. The king’s desire to unite kingdoms.

2. Desire to establish absolute monarchy

3. Mutual resentment of the King and Parliament

4. Fear the heirs might accept Catholic church

5. King’s financial difficulties

• Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom

• He believed in “Divine Right of Kings”

• Charles got married with a French Roman Catholic princess

• Fiasco in France - George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham

• the Petition of Right

• "Eleven Years' Tyranny" ("Charles's Personal Rule")

• Short Parliament

• Scottish invasion

• The Long Parliament

It began to force various reforming measures upon him.

1. The legislators passed a law which stated that a new Parliament should convene at least once every three years — without the King's summons, if necessary.

2. Other laws passed by the Parliament made it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent,

3. Parliament got control over the king's ministers.

4. Finally, the Parliament passed a law forbidding the King to dissolve it without its consent, even if the three years were up.

•  Thomas Wentworth’s execution

• Charles’s attempt to arrest five members of the House of Commons on a charge of treason.

• Armed conflict

• Oliver Cromwell, trial of Charles I for treason

• Republic

• Cromwell’s protectorate

• Restoration. Charles II