- •November 16, 2002
- •February 14, 2003
- •February 21
- •February 28
- •March 7
- •March 10
- •March 12
- •March 14
- •March 15
- •March 17
- •March 19
- •March 21
- •March 24
- •March 26
- •March 28
- •March 30
- •March 31
- •April 2
- •April 2
- •April 8-10
- •April 12
- •April 16
- •April 20
- •April 20
- •April 23
- •April 25
- •April 27
- •April 29
- •June 6
- •June 13
- •June 17
- •June 21
- •June 23
- •June 24
- •July 2
- •July 5
- •August 14
- •September 8
- •September 24
- •References
- •Virology
- •Discovery of the SARS Virus
- •Initial Research
- •The Breakthrough
- •Coronaviridae
- •SARS Co-V
- •Genome Sequence
- •Morphology
- •Organization
- •Detection
- •Stability and Resistance
- •Natural Host
- •Antiviral Agents and Vaccines
- •Antiviral Drugs
- •Vaccines
- •Outlook
- •References
- •Routes of Transmission
- •Factors Influencing Transmission
- •Patient Factors in Transmission
- •Asymptomatic Patients
- •Symptomatic Patients
- •Superspreaders
- •The Unsuspected Patients
- •High-Risk Activities
- •Transmission during Quarantine
- •Transmission after Recovery
- •Animal Reservoirs
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Modeling the Epidemic
- •Starting Point
- •Global Spread
- •Hong Kong
- •Vietnam
- •Toronto
- •Singapore, February 2003
- •China
- •Taiwan
- •Other Countries
- •Eradication
- •Outlook
- •References
- •Introduction
- •International Coordination
- •Advice to travelers
- •Management of SARS in the post-outbreak period
- •National Measures
- •Legislation
- •Extended Case Definition
- •Quarantine
- •Reduce travel between districts
- •Quarantine after Discharge
- •Infection Control in Healthcare Settings
- •General Measures
- •Protective Measures
- •Hand washing
- •Gloves
- •Face Masks
- •Additional protection
- •Getting undressed
- •Special Settings
- •Intensive Care Units
- •Intubating a SARS Patient
- •Anesthesia
- •Triage
- •Internet Sources
- •Additional information
- •Infection Control in Households
- •Possible Transmission from Animals
- •After the Outbreak
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Case Definition
- •WHO Case Definition
- •Suspect case
- •Probable case
- •Exclusion criteria
- •Reclassification of cases
- •CDC Case Definition
- •Diagnostic Tests
- •Introduction
- •Laboratory tests
- •Molecular tests
- •Virus isolation
- •Antibody detection
- •Interpretation
- •Limitations
- •Biosafety considerations
- •Outlook
- •Table, Figures
- •References
- •Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Hematological Manifestations
- •Atypical Presentation
- •Chest Radiographic Abnormalities
- •Chest Radiographs
- •CT Scans
- •Diagnosis
- •Clinical Course
- •Viral Load and Immunopathological Damage
- •Histopathology
- •Lung Biopsy
- •Postmortem Findings
- •Discharge and Follow-up
- •Psychosocial Issues
- •References
- •Appendix: Guidelines
- •WHO: Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- •Management of Suspect and Probable SARS Cases
- •Definition of a SARS Contact
- •Management of Contacts of Probable SARS Cases
- •Management of Contacts of Suspect SARS Cases
- •SARS Treatment
- •Antibiotic therapy
- •Antiviral therapy
- •Ribavirin
- •Neuraminidase inhibitor
- •Protease inhibitor
- •Human interferons
- •Human immunoglobulins
- •Alternative medicine
- •Immunomodulatory therapy
- •Corticosteroids
- •Other immunomodulators
- •Assisted ventilation
- •Non-invasive ventilation
- •Invasive mechanical ventilation
- •Clinical outcomes
- •Outlook
- •Appendix 1
- •A standardized treatment protocol for adult SARS in Hong Kong
- •Appendix 2
- •A treatment regimen for SARS in Guangzhou, China
- •References
- •Pediatric SARS
- •Clinical Manifestation
- •Radiologic Features
- •Treatment
- •Clinical Course
- •References
Timeline 25
The WHO reports that the last human chain of transmission of SARS has been broken.
August 14
WHO: Publication of " Alert, verification and public health management of SARS in the post-outbreak period". http://www.who.int/csr/sars/postoutbreak/en/
September 8
Singapore: A 27-year-old researcher is diagnosed with SARS.
September 24
The Singapore Ministry of Health releases the report of an investigation of the recent SARS case. The investigation concludes that the patient most likely acquired the infection in a laboratory as the result of accidental contamination. The patient was conducting research on the West Nile virus in a laboratory that was also conducting research using active SARS coronavirus (http://www.moh.gov.sg/sars/pdf/Report_SARS_Biosafety.pdf). The full report of the review panel is available at http://www.moh.gov.sg/sars/pdf/Report_SARS_Biosafety.pdf.
References
1.CDC. Update: Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Worldwide, 2003. MMWR 2003;52:241-248.
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5212a1.htm
2.CDC. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Singapore, 2003. MMWR 2003; 52: 405-11. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5218a1.htm
3.Chan-Yeung M, Yu WC. Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: case report. BMJ 2003; 326: 850-2. http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7394/850
4.Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Leung GM, et al. Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Lancet 2003; 361:1761-6. Pub
Kamps and Hoffmann (eds.)
26 Timeline
lished online May 7, 2003. http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art4453web.pdf
5.Drazen JM. Case Clusters of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:e6-7. Published online Mar 31, 2003. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/NEJMe030062v2.pdf
6.Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, et al. Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1967-76. Published online Apr 10, 2003. http://SARSReference.com/lit.php?id=12690091
7.Dye C, Gay N. Modeling the SARS epidemic. Science 2003; 300:1884-5. Published online May 23, 2003.
8.Gerberding JL. Faster. but Fast Enough? Responding to the Epidemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:2030-1. Published online Apr 02, 2003. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/NEJMe030067v1.pdf
9.Hon KL, Leung CW, Cheng WT, et al. Clinical presentations and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome in children. Lancet 2003, 361:1701-3. Published online April 29, 2003. http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03let4127web.pdf
10.Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, et al. A Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. New Eng J Med 2003, 348:1953-66. Published online Apr 10, 2003. http://SARSReference.com/lit.php?id=12690092
11.Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, et al. A Major Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1986-94. Published online Apr 07, 2003. http://SARSReference.com/lit.php?id=12682352
12.Lipsitch M, Cohen T, Cooper B, et al. Transmission Dynamics and Control of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Science 2003; 300:1966-70. Published online May 23, 2003. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/300/5627/1966
13.Marra MA, Jones SJM, Astell CR, et al. The Genome Sequence of the SARS-Associated Coronavirus. Science 2003; 300:1399-
404. Published online May 1, 2003. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1085953v1
www.SARSreference.com
Timeline 27
14.Peiris J, Lai S, Poon L, Guan Y, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003; 361: 1319-1325. http://SARSReference.com/lit.php?id=12711465
15.Peiris J, Chu CM, Cheng C, et al. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. Lancet 2003, 361:1767-72.
Published online May 9, 2003. http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art4432web.pdf
16.Poutanen SM, Low DE, Henry B, Finkelstein S, et al. Identification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Canada. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1995-2005. http://SARSReference.com/lit.php?id=12671061
17.Rainer TH, Cameron PA, Smith D, et al. Evaluation of WHO criteria for identifying patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome out of hospital: prospective observational study. BMJ 2003; 326: 1354–8. http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7403/1354
18.Riley S, Fraser C, Donnelly CA, et al. Transmission Dynamics of the Etiological Agent of SARS in Hong Kong: Impact of Public Health Interventions. Science 2003; 300:1961-6. Published online May 23, 2003.
19.Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, et al. Characterization of a Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Science 2003; 300:1394-9. Published online May 1, 2003. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1085952v1
20.Tsang KW, Ho PL, Ooi GC, Yee WK, et al. A Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1977-85. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/NEJMoa030666v3.pdf
21.WHO. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): Status of the outbreak and lessons for the immediate future. Geneva, 20 May 2003. http://www.who.int/csr/media/sars_wha.pdf
22.WHO, WER 7/2003. Acute respiratory syndrome, China. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2003; 78: 41. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_03_12/en/
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28 Timeline
23.WHO, WER 9/2003. Acute respiratory syndrome, China – Update. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2003; 78: 57. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_03_12/en/
24.WHO, WER 11/2003. Acute respiratory syndrome – China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, and Viet Nam. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2003; 78: 73-74. http://www.who.int/wer/pdf/2003/wer7811.pdf
25.WHO, WER 15/2003. WHO Multicentre Collaborative Networks for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) diagnosis. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2003; 78: 121-122. http://www.who.int/wer/pdf/2003/wer7815.pdf
26.WHO Update 15: Situation in Hong Kong, activities of WHO team in China. March 31. http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_03_31/en/
27.WHO Update 42: Travel advice for Toronto, situation in China. April 29. http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_04_29/en/
28.WHO Update 47: Studies of SARS virus survival, situation in China. May 5. http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_05_05/en/
29.WHO Update 49: SARS case fatality ratio, incubation period. May 7. http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_05_07a/en/
30.WHO Update 50: WHO extends its SARS-related travel advice to Tianjin, Inner Mongolia and Taipei in China. May 8. http://www.who.int/entity/csr/sars/archive/2003_05_08/en
31.WHO Update 84. Can SARS be eradicated or eliminated? http://www.who.int/entity/csr/don/2003_06_19/en
32.WHO Update 87. World Health Organization changes last remaining travel recommendation for Beijing, China. http://www.who.int/entity/csr/don/2003_06_24/en
33.WHO Update 92. Chronology of travel recommendations, areas with local transmission. http://www.who.int/entity/csr/don/2003_07_01/en
34.WHO Update 93. Toronto removed from list of areas with recent local transmission. http://www.who.int/entity/csr/don/2003_07_02/en
www.SARSreference.com
Timeline 29
35.WHO Update 95. Update 95 - SARS: Chronology of a serial killer. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_07_04/en/
36.WHO Update 96. Taiwan, China: SARS transmission interrupted in last outbreak area. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_07_05/en/
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