- •November 16, 2002
- •February 14, 2003
- •February 21
- •February 28
- •March 7
- •March 10
- •March 12
- •March 14
- •March 15
- •March 17
- •March 19
- •March 21
- •March 24
- •March 26
- •March 28
- •March 30
- •March 31
- •April 2
- •April 2
- •April 8-10
- •April 12
- •April 16
- •April 20
- •April 20
- •April 23
- •April 25
- •April 27
- •April 29
- •June 6
- •June 13
- •June 17
- •June 21
- •June 23
- •June 24
- •July 2
- •July 5
- •August 14
- •September 8
- •September 24
- •References
- •Virology
- •Discovery of the SARS Virus
- •Initial Research
- •The Breakthrough
- •Coronaviridae
- •SARS Co-V
- •Genome Sequence
- •Morphology
- •Organization
- •Detection
- •Stability and Resistance
- •Natural Host
- •Antiviral Agents and Vaccines
- •Antiviral Drugs
- •Vaccines
- •Outlook
- •References
- •Routes of Transmission
- •Factors Influencing Transmission
- •Patient Factors in Transmission
- •Asymptomatic Patients
- •Symptomatic Patients
- •Superspreaders
- •The Unsuspected Patients
- •High-Risk Activities
- •Transmission during Quarantine
- •Transmission after Recovery
- •Animal Reservoirs
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Modeling the Epidemic
- •Starting Point
- •Global Spread
- •Hong Kong
- •Vietnam
- •Toronto
- •Singapore, February 2003
- •China
- •Taiwan
- •Other Countries
- •Eradication
- •Outlook
- •References
- •Introduction
- •International Coordination
- •Advice to travelers
- •Management of SARS in the post-outbreak period
- •National Measures
- •Legislation
- •Extended Case Definition
- •Quarantine
- •Reduce travel between districts
- •Quarantine after Discharge
- •Infection Control in Healthcare Settings
- •General Measures
- •Protective Measures
- •Hand washing
- •Gloves
- •Face Masks
- •Additional protection
- •Getting undressed
- •Special Settings
- •Intensive Care Units
- •Intubating a SARS Patient
- •Anesthesia
- •Triage
- •Internet Sources
- •Additional information
- •Infection Control in Households
- •Possible Transmission from Animals
- •After the Outbreak
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Case Definition
- •WHO Case Definition
- •Suspect case
- •Probable case
- •Exclusion criteria
- •Reclassification of cases
- •CDC Case Definition
- •Diagnostic Tests
- •Introduction
- •Laboratory tests
- •Molecular tests
- •Virus isolation
- •Antibody detection
- •Interpretation
- •Limitations
- •Biosafety considerations
- •Outlook
- •Table, Figures
- •References
- •Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Hematological Manifestations
- •Atypical Presentation
- •Chest Radiographic Abnormalities
- •Chest Radiographs
- •CT Scans
- •Diagnosis
- •Clinical Course
- •Viral Load and Immunopathological Damage
- •Histopathology
- •Lung Biopsy
- •Postmortem Findings
- •Discharge and Follow-up
- •Psychosocial Issues
- •References
- •Appendix: Guidelines
- •WHO: Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- •Management of Suspect and Probable SARS Cases
- •Definition of a SARS Contact
- •Management of Contacts of Probable SARS Cases
- •Management of Contacts of Suspect SARS Cases
- •SARS Treatment
- •Antibiotic therapy
- •Antiviral therapy
- •Ribavirin
- •Neuraminidase inhibitor
- •Protease inhibitor
- •Human interferons
- •Human immunoglobulins
- •Alternative medicine
- •Immunomodulatory therapy
- •Corticosteroids
- •Other immunomodulators
- •Assisted ventilation
- •Non-invasive ventilation
- •Invasive mechanical ventilation
- •Clinical outcomes
- •Outlook
- •Appendix 1
- •A standardized treatment protocol for adult SARS in Hong Kong
- •Appendix 2
- •A treatment regimen for SARS in Guangzhou, China
- •References
- •Pediatric SARS
- •Clinical Manifestation
- •Radiologic Features
- •Treatment
- •Clinical Course
- •References
138 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
improved, abnormalities on the chest radiograph persisted for the remaining 7 (Avendano). Two weeks later, the patients were no longer as weak, but still complained of easy fatiguability and dyspnea on climbing stairs. The cough was no longer present. The chest radiograph had cleared for an additional 2 patients. 5 patients still had an abnormal chest radiograph, but improvement was noted (Avendano).
Psychosocial Issues
Most patients express complaints consistent with depression and anxiety regarding various aspects of their disease, hospitalization, and personal and family impact (Maunder). Other patients report insomnia and nightmares. The psychosocial aspects associated with this illness should not be underestimated and warrant further investigation. In addition to the effect on the patients, the psychological impact on staff and their families was also noted to be significant (Avendano).
References
1.Avendano M, Derkach P, Swan S. Clinical course and management of SARS in health care workers in Toronto: a case series. CMAJ 2003; 168. Published online on June 24, 2003. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/168/13/1649
2.Booth CM, Matukas LM, Tomlinson GA, et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 144 patients with SARS in the greater Toronto area. JAMA 2003; 289:2801-9. http://SARSReference.com/lit.php?id=12734147
3.CDC. Preliminary Clinical Description of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. MMWR 2003; 52:255-6. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5212a5.htm
4.CDC. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Singapore, 2003. MMWR 2003; 52: 405-11. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5218a1.htm
5.CDC. Cluster of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases among protected health care workers – Toronto, April 2003. MMWR 2003; 52: 433-6. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5219a1.htm
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6.CDC. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Taiwan, 2003. MMWR 2003; 52: 461-66. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5220a1.htm
7.Chan-Yeung M, Yu WC. Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: case report. BMJ 2003; 326: 850-2. http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7394/850
8.Donnelly CA, Ghani AC, Leung GM, et al. Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. Lancet 2003; 361:1761-6. Published online May 7, 2003. http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art4453web.pdf
9.Fisher DA. Lim TK, Lim YT, Singh KS, Tambyah PA. Atypical presentations of SARS. Lancet 2003; 361:1740.
10.Holmes KV. SARS coronavirus: a new challenge for prevention and therapy. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1605-9. http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/111/11/1605
11.Hon K, Li AM, Cheng F, Leung TF, NG PC. Personal view of SARS: confusing definition, confusing diagnoses. Lancet 2003; 361: 1984-5.
12.Hsu LY, Lee CC, Green JA, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 713-7. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no6/03-0264.htm
13.Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, et al. A Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. New Eng J Med 2003, 348:1953-66. Published online Apr 10. http://SARSReference.com/lit.php?id=12690092
14.Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, et al. A Major Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1986-94. http://SARSReference.com/lit.php?id=12682352
15.Maunder R, Hunter J, Vincent L, et al. The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. CMAJ 2003. Published online May 13, 2003. http://www.cma.ca/cmaj/early_releases/maunder.pdf
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16.Nicholls JM, Poon LLM, Lee KC, et al. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003;361:1773-8. http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art4347web.pdf
17.Peiris JS, Lai ST, Poon LL, et al. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003a, 361:1319-25. Published online Apr 8, 2003. http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art3477web.pdf
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20.Rainer TH, Cameron PA, Smith D, et al. Evaluation of WHO criteria for identifying patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome out of hospital: prospective observational study. BMJ 2003; 326: 1354–8. http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7403/1354
21.Tsang KW, Ho PL, Ooi GC, Yee WK, et al. A Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:1977-85. http://SARSReference.com/lit.php?id=12671062
22.WHO. Alert, verification and public health management of SARS in the post-outbreak period. August 14, 2003. http://www.who.int/csr/sars/postoutbreak/en/
23.WHO Update 49: SARS case fatality ratio, incubation period. May 7. http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_05_07a/en/
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