94 Chapter Five

Bf. = area bias, megawatts per 0.1 Hz B_t= time-error biasAt =time error, seconds

If scheduled net interchange T_o= 200 MW into the system, actual net inter­change T_l= 180 MW into the system, F = 60 Hz, F₁= 59.9 Hz, В= 150 MW/0.1 Hz, andA£ = 0, then the area control error is

(a) + 130 MW№) Zero

100. + 170 MW

1. - 130 MW

8. If frequency bias is set too low, an interconnected power system will respond to troubles in adjacent systems with

   1. More than its share of bias response

   2. Correct bias response

   3. Less than its share of bias response

9. If a power system operates at an average frequency of less than 60 Hz:

   1. No time error will accumulate

   2. There will be a slow accumulated time error

   3. There will be a fast accumulated time error

10. A power system operator who observes an accumulated time error should correct it by

(а) Increasing generation on the system

(б) Reducing generation on the system

(c) Coordinating time-error correction with other interconnected systems

4-5

*Fuel costs have increased by a factor of at least 10 since the early 1970s. This has significantly increased the cost of electric power for all consumers.

33