- •Contents
- •2. Present Continuous
- •3. Present Simple
- •Ex. 3. Supply the following sentences with one of the given adverbs: usually, never, often, always, generally, sometimes, occasionally.
- •4.Present Simple vs. Present Continuous.
- •5. Past Simple
- •Ex. 1. Put the verbs in the past simple tense.
- •6. Past Continuous
- •7. Past Simple vs. Past Continuous.
- •8. Present Perfect Simple
- •9. Present Perfect vs. Past Simple
- •Compare
- •Compare these sentences.
- •10. Present Perfect Continuous
- •Compare these sentences
- •12. Past Perfect
- •13. Future Forms
- •1. Future Simple
- •2. Be going to (do)
- •3. Present Continuous1 with a future meaning.
- •4. Present Simple with a future meaning.
- •5. Future Continuous
- •Ex. 1. Put the following sentences in the negative and question forms (yes/no questions).
- •Ex. 2. Put the verbs into the correct form.
- •Ex. 3. Make one sentence from two sentences.
- •Ex. 4. Are you (your friend, your parents) going to do/ not going to do these things tomorrow?
- •Ex. 5. Put the verb in the correct form using willorgoing to.
- •Ex. 6. What will these people be doing tomorrow from 8 till 8-30 in the morning.
- •Ex. 7. Write some sentences about your plans for the next few days.
- •Ex. 8. Choose the correct verb form in the following pairs of sentences.
- •14. Revision of Tenses
- •15. Modal verbs (basic rules).
- •2. Must – have to – to be to.
- •Ex. 5. Put in must or have to.
- •Ex. 6. Put in must or had to.
- •Ex. 7. Make questions with have to. Some are present and some are past.
- •Ex. 8. Make negative sentences with have to.
- •Ex. 9. Underline the correct verb form.
- •4. Should (do)
- •16. Questions in Different Tenses (Revision).
- •1. General questions.
- •2. Special questions.
- •3. Alternative questions.
- •17. Reported Speech
- •Verb in the past.
- •18. There (is) and It (is)
- •Ex. 3. Complete the dialogue with used to or didn’t use to
- •Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into English.
- •20. Conditionals
- •Ex. 2. Open the brackets using type 2 conditional.
- •Ex. 3. Give advice using type 2 conditional.
- •Ex. 5. Rewrite the following story using type 3 conditional.
- •E.G. If Ron hadn’t slept until twelve yesterday, he wouldn’t have failed the exam. Continue rewriting the story. Ex. 6. Match the following parts of the sentence
- •Ex. 8. Translate the sentences into English.
- •21. Passive Voice.
- •22. Complex Subject
- •Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Ex. 2. Rewrite the following sentences using the complex subject.
- •Ex. 3. Translate the sentences into English.
- •23. Gerund.
- •25. Participle.
- •Participle I has four forms:
- •26. Complex Object.
- •27. Articles
- •28. Pronouns
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •29. Some, any, no
- •30. Compound pronouns.
- •31. Much, Many, Little, Few, a Lot (of).
- •32. Adjectives and adverbs
- •33. Comparisons.
- •Irregular forms.
- •2. The same as
- •34. Other and another
- •Ex. 1. Fill in the blanks with other, another, the other.
- •Ex. 2. Insert other or others.
- •We write –‘after nouns in plural
- •We use the possessive (’s) structure when the first noun is the name of a person, group of people, animal, organization, country
- •E.G. Rules: club / football
- •36. So and Such.
- •37. Enough and Too.
- •Ex. 3. Use too orenough
- •Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into English.
- •38. Relative clauses – clauses with who / that / which
- •39. Prepositions.
- •For / during
- •In / at and to (places and directions)
- •40. Irregular Verbs
- •41. Word-Formation
- •42. Abbreviation List
27. Articles
A(an) can precede only singular countable nouns, it means one.
An is used before words that begin with a vowel sound. A is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.
E.g.An apple, a boy.
The meansthat (this/these/those), it can be used with countable (singular and plural) and uncountable nouns.
-
With countable nouns
With uncountable nouns
Singular
plural
The / no article
A (an), the
I’ve got a cat. / The cat is nice.
The / no article
The dogs were barking in the garden. / I don’t like dogs
The milk is too hot. / Milk is good for you.
As a rule a countable noun in the singular can’t be used without a determiner of some kind.
Some nouns are usually uncountable in English. Here are the most important of them: accommodation
advice
information
knowledge
money
news
weather
work
We use a/an:
|
1. to introduce a subject which has not been previously mentioned. |
I saw a girl in the street (We don’t know which girl). |
|
2. to say what kind of thing or person something/somebody is |
He is a good student. |
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3. to say what somebody’s job is |
He is a dentist. |
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4. in the meaning of one |
I will be back in an hour. |
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5. in exclamations about singular countable nouns |
What a nice guy! |
We use the:
|
1. when it is clear from the context or the situation which thing or person we mean
|
He cleaned the car (= his car) the day before yesterday. She turned off the light (= the light in her room). I must go to the post office to buy some envelopes (I usually go to a particular post office). |
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2. when something is unique |
Moscow is the capital of Russia. What is the highest mountain in the world? |
|
3. in word combinations: thesame, the whole, on/to the right, on/to the left, the wrong, the very, the only (but: an only son), the main, the following, the opposite; go to the cinema, go to the theatre, listen to the radio |
Your skirt is the same colour as mine. I often go to the cinema and listen to the radio. |
|
4. to speak about a type of animal, machine, etc. |
The guitar is my favourite instrument. The rouble is the currency of Russia. |
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5. with an adjective to talk about groups of people |
The sick need more help from the government. |
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6. with nationalities |
The British like to speak about their weather. |
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7. if a noun is followed by a defining phrase |
The girl sitting in the corner is my friend. He was the son of a doctor. |
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8. if a noun is defined by an ordinal number |
The second door was open. |
We do not use any article:
|
1.before sports |
He plays football. |
|
2.with abstract nouns in the general meaning |
This work gives us satisfaction. |
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3.with general areas of subject matter |
He studied mathematics and sociology. |
|
4.before the words school, prison, hospital, university, church when the person goes there as a pupil, a criminal, a patient, a student, to a religious service |
Her brother goes to school. Our friend is in hospital now. |
|
4. in expressions go to bed, be in bed, go to work, be at work, go home, come home, arrive home, be at home, go to sea, be at sea, go by bus, train (and other means of transport), in time, at night, by day, by heart, from year to year, have breakfast/lunch/dinner/supperand others. |
I go to bed at 11 o’clock. He usually has lunch in his office. Why do you get to work by bus? |
|
5. in exclamations about plural or uncountable nouns |
What nice weather! |
We can use propernames withtheor withoutany article.
|
|
No article |
Definite article |
|
Names
|
Mary, Brown |
The whole family The Browns |
|
Continents |
Africa |
|
|
countries |
no common nouns, singular Russia, Great Britain
|
Countries with common names (federation, state, republic, kingdom, etc.) the Russian Federation (the RF), the United Kingdom (the UK). Countries in the plural the Netherlands |
|
states |
Texas |
|
|
regions |
northern/southern/eastern/westernnorthern France Central Europe |
North/south/east/west The South of England the Middle East, the Far East |
|
islands |
one island Corsica |
Groups of islands the British Isles |
|
cities, towns |
London
|
|
|
mountains |
one mountain Everest |
Mountain ranges the Alps |
|
lakes |
Loch Ness |
Groups of lakes the Great Lakes |
|
Streets, squares, roads, parks |
Broadway, Oxford street Times Square Finchley Road Hyde Park |
|
|
Oceans |
|
the Atlantic |
|
Seas |
|
the Irish Sea |
|
Canals |
|
the Suez Canal |
|
Channels |
|
the English Channel |
|
Rivers |
|
the Thames |
|
Gulfs |
|
the Gulf of Mexico |
|
Holidays |
Christmas, Easter |
|
|
Names of buildings and institutions |
beginning with the name of a person or a place Kennedy Airport, Buckingham Palace |
With of The Bank of Moscow |
|
Hotels, restaurants, pubs |
The names with -s or ‘s Selfridges Maxim’s |
The Rossia, the Hilton Hotel The Red Lion |
|
theatres, cinemas, museums, galleries |
|
The Art Theatre The Odeon The Fine Arts Museum The Tate Gallery |
|
Wars
|
world wars World War II |
The Crimean War The II World War |
|
Historical documents |
|
The Constitution
|
|
Newspapers |
|
The Times |
|
Companies |
Sony |
The Sony company |
|
Magazines |
Vogue |
|
Ex. 1. Fill in the gaps with the articles wherever necessary.
1. My brother smokes ... cigars.
2. Is there ... bookshop in this street?
3. ... watchmaker repairs ... watches and ... clocks.
4. There is ... sofa and ... armchair in this room.
5. Mr.Green is ... accountant.
6. Mrs Brown is ... architect; her two brothers are ... engineers.
7. Which would you like: ... apple or ... orange?
8. Which would you like: ... apples or ... oranges?
9. Please give me ... pen and ... coloured pencils.
10. Is there ... e-mail for me?
11. What ... strange woman!
12. What ... interesting reports!
13. Has ... postman come yet?
14. I am expecting ... telegram from my father.
15. ... captain ordered ... crew to unload ... vessel.
16. My sister can drive ... car.
17. I borrowed ... interesting book from our library. ... librarian said that I could only keep it for ... week as ... teacher of French also wanted it.
18. How can you say such ... things?
19. There is ... meeting in ... conference hall today.
20. There is ... brown book and ... white book on ... table in ... dining room. Will you bring me ... brown one, please?
21. Can you tell me how to get to ... cinema? Go straight down ... street as far as ... bridge. Then turn to … left and you will see ... large grey building. That is ... cinema.
22. ... department store is ... shop where all kinds of ... things are sold.
23. I want to write ... letter to … my sister.
24. How brilliantly ... stars are shining!
25. ... high stone wall separated ... house from ... road.
26. He asked ... teacher ... question.
27. ... door opened and ... man entered ... room. He was ... man of about 30.
28. ... lion is ... large powerful animal.
29. There are many schools for ... blind in Britain.
30. My friend’s father is in … hospital, so we went to visit him … last night.
31. When you go to … shop, please buy … bottle of milk and … 5 kilos of … potatoes.
32. … chair that he is sitting on is broken.
33. We must visit … British Museum when we are in … London.
34. …Ben Nevis is … highest mountain in … United Kingdom, it is situated in … Scotland.
35…. North of … England is colder than … South.
Ex. 2. Read the jokes and explain the use or the absence of articles.
1.
A farmer who went to a large city to see the sights rented a room at a hotel and before going to bed asked the clerk at what time the meals were served.
“We serve breakfast from 7 to 11, lunch from 12 to 15 and dinner from 18 to 20”, explained the clerk.
“Look here,” asked the farmer in surprise, “When am I going to see the city?”
2.
When White had finished a portrait of a well-known singer, he asked him whether he liked it.
“No, I can’t say I do, Mr White, and you must admit it’s a bad work of art.”
“Yes,” replied the painter, looking at the singer through his glasses, “but then you must admit that you are a bad work of nature.”
Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps with the articles wherever necessary paying particular attention to the use of the articles with geographic names.
... British Isles.
... British Isles is ... geographical term for ... group of about 5,000 islands off ... north-west ...coast of ...mainland ... Europe. ... largest island is ... Britain or ... Great Britain, which is also ... largest island in ... Europe. ... next largest island is ... Ireland.
... total area of ... British Isles is 322 246 square km.
... British Isles are of ... continental origin. Once they formed part of that continent, they became ... islands only when they were separated from it. ... separation took place thousands of years ago, after ... last Ice Age, and greatly influenced ... history and ... geography of these islands.
... English Channel and ... North Sea separate ... British Isles from ...Europe. In ... west they are washed by ... Atlantic Ocean, in ... east – by ... North Sea. ... two main islands – ...Great Britain and ...Ireland – are separated by ... Irish Sea.
... United Kingdom’s area is about 244 100 sq. km. It is just under 1,000 km long and just under 500 km across in its ...widest part. This is nearly half ... size of ... France. ... population is over 57 mln people. It is one of ... most densely populated countries. ... most mountainous region is ... Scotland (with ... Britain’s highest peak, ... Ben Nevis – 1,343 m). Rivers in ...GB are quite short – ... longest rivers are ... Severn and ... Thames – but their easy navigability has made them ... important part of ... inland transport network for ... transportation of ... bulk products such as ... coal, ... iron ore and ... steel.
Ex. 4. Translate from English into Russian.
1. Дайте мне, пожалуйста, нож и вилку.
2. В этом журнале есть интересные статьи.
3. Он купил видеомагнитофон, а я купил телевизор.
4. Это очень простая проблема. вы можете решить ее.
5. Вам полезны яблоки.
6. Покажите мне работу, которую вам принес г-н М.
7. Послать ей письмо или телеграмму? — Пошлите ей телеграмму.
8. Вот письмо, о котором я вам говорил.
9. Я познакомился с ним в одном маленьком северном городке.
10. Какой-то посетитель ждет вас в приемной.
11. Кто принес это письмо?—Какой-то мальчик.
12. Где словарь? — Он на книжной полке.
13. Кто этот человек? — Он сын одного инженера, который работает на нашем заводе.
14 Я знал его, когда он был маленьким мальчиком.
15. Он родился в каком-то городе недалеко от Москвы.
16. Дверь открылась, и в комнату вошла девушка с журналом в руке.
17. Когда преподаватель вошел в класс, студенты встали.
18. Ребенку легко изучать иностранный язык.
19. Когда мы вышли из машины, мы увидели маленький домик. Крыша была зеленая, а стены—белые. Вокруг дома был большой сад, окруженный забором. Забор был выкрашен в зеленый цвет. У ворот сидел старик с трубкой во рту. У его ног лежала большая собака. 20. Какой прекрасный день!
21. Какая чудесная погода!
22. Водитель в большом городе должен быть очень опытным, потому что трудно ездить по центру города.
23. Я должен купить ручку для входной двери.
24. Они ищут секретаря со знанием английского языка.
25. Вдали мы увидели вершину горы.
26. У берега стоял большой пароход. Капитан был на палубе и давал приказания матросу.
27. Я вчера познакомился с писателем, который много лет работал на севере.
28. Она — жена известного писателя.
29. Летом мы собираемся поехать на юг России и будем купаться в Черном море.
30. Он не любит журналы, но всегда читает газету «Daily World» по утрам.
31. Вчера мы были в музее изобразительных искусств (Fine Arts) на Волхонке, а вечером ходили в Большой театр.
32. Этот студент приехал на Рождество из США, где он учится в университете Флориды.
33. Панамский канал соединяет Атлантический и Тихий океаны.
34. Он бывал во многих странах западной Европы.
35. В прошлом году он работал на Дальнем Востоке.