Britain_in_Brief

РАЗДЕЛ IV

Повторение и обобщение материала учебно–методического пособия

1.Приведите примеры предложений с личным, притяжательным, указательным и неопределенным местоимением.

2.Скажите, как образуются времена группы Indefinite (Simple) Active. Приведите пример из текстов, заданий контрольных работ или свои собственные.

3.Скажите, как образуются времена группы Continuous и Perfect Active. Приведите примеры из текстов, заданий контрольных работ или составьте самостоятельно.

4.Скажите:

а) как строятся вопросы, если в составе сказуемого есть свой вспомогательный, модальный глагол или глагол–связка.

б) как строятся вопросы, если сказуемое предложения состоит только из смыслового глагола.

5. Поставьте данное ниже предложение в Past Indefinite и Future Indefinite Active:

My pen–friend lives in Belfast.

6.Скажите, какие вопросительные слова Вы знаете.

7.Постройте 4 типа вопросов к следующему предложению: This country lost its independence 3 centuries ago.

8.Расскажите о своем городе (или стране), используя тексты контрольных работ и установочной сессии.

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РАЗДЕЛ V

Дополнительные тексты по изучаемой тематике

Cambridge

Cambridge was founded later than Oxford, in the thirteenth century. The first students of Cambridge were very poor, they needed money. Oxford was very privileged, it was under the protection of English kings who founded many of colleges. And some students who could not continue their studies at Oxford left university, travelled across the country to East England and founded the great centre of learning, Cambridge, on the river Cam (the name Cambridge means «a bridge over the river Cam»). Soon it became a rival of Oxford. Now Cambridge has 29 colleges for men and women. Many of them are grouped together. To get a Cambridge degree, a student must attend three years of lectures. Each academic year is divided into three terms. Then they have to pass three series of exams, all in writing. There are about 10000 undergraduates in Cambridge every year. The atmosphere here is extremely strict. Any student must work hard, sit for days in the library, read and write very much or work till dark at the laboratory. He is constantly in contact with his tutor. In Great Britain tutor is a university teacher who guides the studies and the university life of several students. And often a student and his tutor are the best friends for life.

Oxford

First many English students studied in France, at the famous university of Sorbone. But the English King Henry the second who spent most of his time in France decided that there were too much English students there. So they had to leave France and by 1185 a corporate body of students was formed at Oxford, 54 miles northwest of London.

The first Oxford’s students were very young. They came to Oxford at 13 or 14 and stayed there for seven years to take a degree. They were prepared for church and that’s why they had on the traditional cap and clothes. Studies were not regular, not systematic. A master with two students came to a tavern or went to a field, or to a street corner. A discussion began. More students came to debate and to listen. The language of learning was Latin, the subjects, which were taught in Oxford were theology and logic mathematics, natural science, Latin and Greek.

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As for women they could not study at Oxford till the end of the 19th century. Only in 1920 they received equal rights with men. Now there are women’s colleges at Oxford.

Many visitors to Oxford want to see the university. In their countries universities are compact and isolated from commercial and other buildings. Oxford is different. There is no university as such. The Oxford university consists of colleges and each college is practically autonomous, with its own rules of government. There is a central administration, providing services of libraries and laboratories. The colleges are situated in various historical buildings on the area of about 5 km2. They do not stand in isolation. They are mixed together with houses, shops and offices and form a university city.

The most famous of the college buildings in Oxford is Christ Church with its Tom Tower. Christ Church has a bell known as «Great Tom», a great dining-room, a library and an art collection.

Another famous sight of Oxford is the Sheldonian Theatre. There is a large building, seating 4000 persons. It is used for conferment of degree and other public meetings.

There are many union and clubs in Oxford: eating clubs, drinking clubs, singing clubs and, of course, the sports clubs. Sports are in great favour at Oxford. Almost every known form of sport is found there. Colleges have their own playing fields, sport clubs, they play against each other and against Cambridge colleges.

Marks & Spencer

Britain’s favourite store

Marks & Spencer (or M&S) is Britain’s favourite store. Tourists love it too. It attracts a great variety of customers, from housewives to millionaires. Princess Diana also preferred to visit this well–known store. Dustin Hoffman and the British Prime Minister are just a few of its famous customers.

Last year it made a profit of £529 million, which is more than £10 million a week.

How did it all begin?

It all started 105 years ago, when a young Polish immigrant, Michael Marks, had a stall in Leeds market. He didn’t have many things to sell: some cotton, a little wool, lots of buttons, and a few shoelaces. Above his stall he put the now famous notice: don’t ask how much-it’s a penny. Ten years later, he met Tom Spencer and together they started Penny Stalls in many towns in the north of England. Today there are 564 branches of M&S all over the world – in America, Canada, Spain, France, Belgium, and Hungary.

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What are the best-sellers? Surprisingly, tastes in food and clothes are international. What sells well in Paris sells just as well in Newcastle. Their best-selling clothes are:

•For women: jumpers, bras, and knickers (M&S is famous for its knickers!)

•For men: shirts, socks, pyjamas, dressing gowns, and suits.

•For children: underwear and socks.

Best-sellers in food include: fresh chickens, bread, vegetables, and sandwiches. Chicken Kiev is internationally the most popular convenience food.

Why is M&S so successful? The store bases its business in three principles: good value, good quality, and good service. Also, it changes with the times – once it was all jumpers and knickers. Now it’s food, furniture, and flowers as well. Top fashion designers advise on styles of clothes.

But perhaps the most important key to its success is its happy, welltrained staff. Conditions of work are excellent. There are company doctors, dentists, hairdressers, and even chiropodists to look after the staff, and all the staff can have lunch for under 40p!

Birmingham

Located in what is probably the greatest metalworking area, the Black Country of England, Birmingham is one of the largest industrial centres in the world and the second largest city in Great Britain. Most of its industries are based on coal and iron.

Birmingham began industrially as a saddlery centre. It has had a long history in the iron industry, beginning before the 16th century. Goods manufactured in Birmingham include pins, buttons, cars, bicycles, machinery. Among other industries are plastics, chemicals, glass and jewellery. There are automobile factories specializing in commercial vehicles. Other manufactured goods include electrical equipment, radios, machine-tools, and measuring devices, chemicals, and clothing.

In recent years the centre of Britain’s second city has undergone so many structural alterations that, as an official guide-book said, «there is more of the future to be seen coming into being than there is of the past left to contemplate». The 250-foot circular Rotunda building rises above the tower of St. Martin’s Church, severely damaged in an air raid of 1941, but now completely restored. There is a mixture of the old and new at the Bull Ring, where, in keeping with a tradition going back to the 12th century, an open-air market still exists, along with a centre containing supermarkets and stores, restaurants and banks. The National Exhibition Centre, about 13 miles east of Birmingham,

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had taken over some of the functions of Olympia and Earl’s Court in London, playing host to trade and other exhibitions involving international industry.

The County of Cheshire

The County of Cheshire is mainly a land of well-kept farms, supporting their herds of equally well-kept cattle. Chester is its capital, a city steeped in history, with its cathedral, castle, and encircling city walls, as well as with a whole host of ancient buildings distributed among its streets, many of them in the bold black-and-white style of Tudor England. Among the unique features of Chester are the famous Rows, covered food-paths at first-floor level along many of the main streets, which allow the delights of shopping without fear of any discomfort through wet weather or from traffic. More literary associations are to be found in the village of Daresbury, where Lewis Carroll was born, and where his life-story and scenes from his «Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland» and «Through the Looking-Glass» are shown in the glass windows of the parish church. It was Lewis Carroll who made popular an old saying «to grin like a Cheshire cat», which means «to smile broadly».

Cheshire is noted for its cheese, as well as for its «salt towns», Nantwich being one of them. In the 18th century visitors flocked to the town to «take the salts» which were claimed to cure indigestion and rheumatism. There is an outdoor pool in the town fed by the original spring that provided salt for the Romans.

Buckingham Palace

The Palace

There are two addresses in London that the whole world knows. One is 10 Downing Street, where the Prime Minister lives. The other is Buckingham Palace. This famous palace, first built in 1703, is in the very centre of London.

It is two places, not one. It is a family house, where children play and grow up. It is also the place where presidents, kings and politicians go to meet the queen.

Buckingham Palace is like a small town, with a police station, two post offices, a hospital, a bar, two sports clubs, a disco, a cinema and a swimming pool. There 600 rooms and three miles of red carpet. Two men work full-time to look after the 300 clocks. About 700 people work in the Palace.

The Queen’s Day

When the Queen gets up in the morning, seven people look after her. One starts her bath, one prepares her clothes, and one feeds the Royal dogs.

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She has eight or nine dogs, and they sleep in their own bedroom near the Queen’s bedroom. Two people bring her breakfast. She has coffee from Harrods, toast and eggs. Every day for fifteen minutes, a piper plays Scottish music outside her room and the Queen reads The Times.

Every Tuesday evening she meets the Prime Minister. They talk about world news.

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РАЗДЕЛ VI

Таблицы глаголов, изменяющихся не по общим правилам

Неопределен-	Прошедшее вре-	Причастие про-	Основные
ная форма	мя	шедшего времени	значения
be [bi:]	was [woz]	been [bi:n]	быть
	were [wə:]
become	became	become [bi'kλm]	стать,	сде-
[bi'kλm]	[bi'keim]		латься
begin [bi'gin]	began [bi'gæn]	begun [bi'gλn]	начать
break [breik]	broke [brouk]	broken ['broukən]	(с)ломать
bring [briŋ]	brought [bro:t]	brought [bro:t]	принести
build [bild]	built [bilt]	built [bilt]	строить
buy [bai]	bought [bo:t]	bought [bo:t]	купить
catch [kæt∫]	caught [ko:t]	caught [ko:t]	ловить,	пой-
			мать
come [kλm]	came [keim]	come [kλm]	прийти
do [du:]	did [did]	done [dλn]	делать
drink [driŋk]	drank [dræŋk]	drunk [drλŋk]	пить, выпить
drive [draiv]	drove [drouv]	driven ['drin]	гнать; ехать
eat [i:t]	ate [et]	eaten ['i:tn]	кушать, есть
feel [fi:l]	felt [feit]	felt [feit]	чувствовать
find [faind]	found [faund]	found [faund]	находить
forget [fə'giv]	forgot [fə'geiv]	forgotten [fə'gotn]	забыть
forgive [fə'giv]	forgave [fə'geiv]	forgiven [fə'givn]	простить
get [get]	got [got]	got [got]	получить
give [giv]	gave [geiv]	given ['givn]	дать
go [gou]	went [went]	gone [gon]	идти; уходить
grow [grou]	grew [gru:]	grown [groun]	расти
have [hæv]	had [hæd]	had [hæd]	иметь
keep [ki:p]	kept [kept]	kept [kept]	хранить
know [nou]	knew [nju:]	known [noun]	знать
learn [lə:n]	learnt [lə:nt]	learnt [lə:nt]	учить
let [let]	let [let]	let [let]	позволить,
			разрешить
lose [lu:z]	lost [lost]	lost [lost]	терять
make [meik]	made [meid]	made [meid]	делать
mean [mi:n]	meant [ment]	meant [ment]	означать, под-
			разумевать

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Неопределен-	Прошедшее вре-	Причастие про-	Основные
ная форма	мя	шедшего времени	значения
meet [mi:t]	met [met]	met [met]	встретить
pay [pei]	paid [peid]	paid [peid]	платить
read [ri:d]	read [red]	read [red]	читать
run [rλn]	ran [ræn]	run [rλn]	бежать, течь
see [si:]	saw [so:]	seen [si:n]	видеть
sell [sel]	sold [sould]	sold [sould]	продавать
send [send]	sent [sent]	sent [sent]	послать
shoot [∫u:t]	shot [∫ot]	shot [∫ot]	стрелять
sleep [sli:p]	slept [slept]	slept [slept]	спать
speak [spi:k]	spoke [spouk]	spoken	говорить
		['spouken]
spend [spend]	spent [spent]	spent [spent]	тратить
stand [stænd]	stood [stud]	stood [stud]	стоять
swim [swim]	swam [swæm]	swum [swλm]	плыть
take [teik]	took [tuk]	taken ['teikən]	взять, брать
teach [ti:t∫]	taught [to:t]	taught [to:t]	учить
tell [tel]	told [tould]	told [tould]	рассказать
think [θiŋk]	thought [θo:t]	thought [θo:t]	думать
Understand	Understood	understood	понимать
[,λndə'stænd]	[,λndə'stud]	[,λndə'stud]
write [rait]	wrote [rout]	written ['ritn]	писать

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РАЗДЕЛ VII

СЛОВАРЬ

about – [ə'baut] – вокруг; везде; недалеко; приблизительно; около accept [ək'sept] – принимать

account (for) – [ə'kaunt] – отвечать (за что-то) achievment – [əd'ministrətiv] – достижение, успех act – ['ækt] – дело; акт; действие

activity – [æk'tiviti] - деятельность

administrative – [əd'ministrətiv] – административный admire – [əd’maiə] - восхищаться

advice - [əd'vais] – совет

after – [a:ftə] – позади; после, спустя against – [ə'genst] – против; о, об, по, на, к age – [eidз] – возраст; век, столетие

agricultural – [ægri'k٨lt∫ərəl] - сельскохозяйственный air – [єə] - воздух

aircraft – ['єəkra:ft] – авиация, авиационный all – [o:l] – весь; всякий; все, всё

almost – ['o:lməust] - почти

also – ['o:lsəu] – тоже, к тому же always – ['o:lwəz] – всегда

among – [ə'm٨ŋ] – среди, между, посреди ancient – [‘ein∫ənt] – древний, старинный appear – [ə'piə] – появляться

appearance – [ə'piərəns] – появление; внешний вид, наружность appoint – [ə'point] – назначать

architect – [‘a:kitəkt] – архитектор architecture – [‘a:kitekt∫ə] - архитектура

area – ['єəriə] – площадь; район, область, зона armour – [‘a:mə] - доспехи

around – [ə'raund] – около; вокруг arrange [ə'reindз] – организовывать arrive – [ə'raiv] – прибывать

art – [a:t] – искусство; художественный art gallery – [a:t 'gæləri] – худ. галерея

as – [æz; əz] – какой; что; как; как например; в качестве ask – [a:sk] – спрашивать; просить

as well as – [æz wel æz] – так же как и

associate – [ə'səu∫ieit] – соединять, связывать(ся) attack – [ə'tæk] – атака, наступление

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attract – [ə'trækt] – привлекать; притягивать

authority – [o:'θoriti] – власть; власти; авторитет, влияние automobile – ['o:təməubi:l] – автомобиль; автомобильный away – [ə'wei] – прочь, вдали

bank – [bænk] – банк; берег

base (on) – [beis] – базироваться, иметь основой что-либо battle – [bætl] – сражение, битва

become – [bi'k٨m] – делать(ся), становиться be like – [bi: laik] – быть похожим

belt – [belt] – пояс; зона besider – [bi'saidz] - кроме того

better – ['betə] – лучший (сравн. ст. от. good – хороший) between – [bi'twi:n] - между

both – ['beuθ] - оба

branch – [bra:nt∫] – ветвь, отрасль building – ['bildih] – здание; строение button – ['b٨th] – пуговица

carpet – [‘ka:pit] - ковер carry – ['kæri] – перевозить cathedral – [kə´θi:drəl] - собор

cattle – [kætl] – крупный рогатый скот century – ['sent∫uri] – столетие, век certain – ['sə:tn] - определенный

chamber – ['t∫eimbə] – палата (парламента) change – [t∫eindз] – обменивать; менять, изменять chapel – [t∫æpl] - часовня

chemical – ['kemikl] - химический chiefly – ['t∫i:fli] – главным образом church – [t∫ə:t∫] - церковь

circumstance – ['sə:kəmstəns] - обстоятельство clan – [klæn] – клан, род

climb – [klaim] – подниматься, карабкаться close to – [kləus] – зд. вблизи от; близко к clothing – ['kləuðiŋ] - одежда

coal – ['kəul] - уголь coast – [kəust] - побережье come – [kз٨m] - проходить

commerce – ['koməs] – торговля; коммерция; общение

comminication – [kəmju:ni'kei∫ən] – передача, сообщение; коммуникация,

связь

community – [kə'mju:niti] – община; группа людей; объединение compare with – [kəm´pεə wi] – сравнить с

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