- •Oxford Practice Grammar
- •1 What kind of word? (b)
- •2 What kind of word? (b)
- •3 Words in sentences (c)
- •1 Subject Verb
- •1 Parts of the sentence (a)
- •2 Sentence structure (a)
- •3 Word order (a)
- •4 Adverbials (b)
- •Indirect object or to? (a)
- •1 Form (b)
- •2 Form (b)
- •2 Forms (b-c)
- •3 Forms (b-c)
- •1 Present continuous or simple? (a-b)
- •2 Present continuous or simple? (a-c)
- •3 Always (d)
- •I like/I'm liking etc
- •1 States and actions (a)
- •3 The verb be (b)
- •1 Positive forms (b)
- •2 Positive forms (b)
- •3 Negatives and questions (c)
- •1 Form (b)
- •2 Form (b)
- •1 Past continuous or simple? (a-b)
- •2 Past continuous or simple? (a-b)
- •3 Past continuous or simple? (a-c)
- •B Form
- •C Irregular forms
- •1 Form (b)
- •2 Irregular forms (c)
- •3 Review (a-d)
- •1 Just (a)
- •2 Just, already and yet (a)
- •3 For and since (b)
- •4 For and since (b)
- •B Ever and never
- •C First time, second time, etc
- •1 Gone to or been to? (a)
- •6 I've done it. I did it yesterday.
- •2 I've done it. I did it yesterday. (b)
- •3 Structures with for, since and last (c)
- •It hasn't rained today.
- •1 I've been or I was? (a)
- •4 Present perfect or past simple? (Units 14 and 15)
- •23 Will and shall
- •24 Be going to
- •27 When I get there, before you leave, etc
- •28 Will be doing
- •29 Will have done and was going to
- •1 Will have done (a)
- •2 Will have done (a)
- •3 Was going to (b)
- •4 Was going to (b)
- •39 Who, what or which?
- •1 What or which? (a)
- •2 What or which? (a)
- •3 Who, what or which? (b)
- •43 So/Neither do I and I think so
- •3 I think so, etc (b)
- •49 Should, ought to, had better and be supposed to
- •52 Will, would, shall and should
- •53 It may/could/must have been, etc
- •1 I was given ... (a)
- •2 It is said that... (b)
- •3 He is said to... (c)
- •58 Have something done
- •1 Have something done (a-b)
- •2 Have something done (a-b)
- •3 Get something done (c)
- •59 To be done and being done
- •63 Like, start, etc
- •64 Remember, regret, try, etc
- •1 It is easy to drive the car (b)
- •2 The car is easy to drive (c)
- •3 Certain, sure and likely (d)
- •71 Afraid to do or afraid of doing?
- •1 Afraid (a)
- •2 Afraid (a)
- •3 Afraid, anxious, ashamed and interested (a-b)
- •4 Sorry (c)
- •72 Used to do and be used to doing
- •74 See it happen or see it happening?
- •1 See it happen (b)
- •2 See it happening (c)
- •3 See it happen or see it happening? (d)
- •77 A carton of milk, a piece of information, etc
- •1 A carton of milk (a)
- •2 A man/he and the man/someone (c)
- •85 A/an, one and some
- •4 Some (d)
- •86 Cars or the cars?
- •87 Prison, school, bed, etc
- •1 Prison or the prison? (a)
- •88 On Friday, for lunch, etc
- •89 Quite a, such a, what a, etc
- •2 So and such (c)
- •4 What (d)
- •91 This, that, these and those
- •92 My, your, etc and mine, yours, etc
- •94 Some and any
- •95 A lot of, lots of, many, much, (a) few and (a) little
- •96 All, half, most, some, no and none
- •97 Every, each, whole, both, either and neither
- •3 Each other (b)
- •103 Everyone, something, etc
- •106 The old, the rich, etc
- •107 Interesting and interested
- •Interesting.
- •1 Less (a)
- •2 Much faster (b)
- •3 Faster and faster (c)
- •4 The faster, the better (d)
- •114 Yet, still and already
- •3 Very cold, really hurting, etc (b-d)
- •116 Quite and rather
- •3 Quite or rather? (c)
- •117 Too and enough
- •121 For, since, ago and before
- •122 During or while? By or until? As or like?
- •1 During or while? (a)
- •2 By or until? (b)
- •3 As or like? (c)
- •71 Afraid, anxious, ashamed, interested, sorry 72 Used to
- •2 Good, bad, etc (c)
- •1 Tell/ask someone to do something (a)
- •148 If, when, unless and in case
- •1 If or when? (b)
- •2 If and unless (c)
- •3 If and unless (c)
- •4 In case (d)
- •5 If, when, unless and in case (b-d)
- •149 Wish and if only
- •150 But, although and in spite of
- •2 Although (b)
- •3 In spite of and although (e)
- •4 But, although, even though, in spite of and despite (a-e)
- •5 Although, even though, in spite of and despite (a-e)
- •151 To, in order to, so that and for
- •Verbs with prepositions and adverbs
B Form
The present perfect is the present tense of have + a past participle.
I/you/we/they have washed or I/you/we/they've washed he/she/it has washed or he/she/it's washed
NEGATIVE QUESTION
I/you/we/they haven't washed have I/you/we/they washed?
he/she/it hasn't washed has he/she/it washed?
Regular past participles end in ed, e.g. washed, landed, finished. We've washed the dishes. Have you opened your letter? The aircraft has landed safely. How many points has Matthew scored? The students haven't finished their exams.
C Irregular forms
Some participles are irregular.
I've made a shopping list. We've sold our car. I've thought about it a lot.
Have you written the letter? She hasn't drunk her coffee. For a list of irregular verbs see page 383.
There is a present perfect of be and of have.
The weather has been awful I've had a lovely time, thank you.
D Use
When we use the present perfect, we see things as happening in the past but having a result in the present. We've washed the dishes. (They're clean now.) The aircraft has landed. (It's on the ground now.) We've eaten all the eggs. (There aren't any left.) They've learnt the words. (They know the words.) You've broken this watch. (It isn't working.)
12-13 More on the present perfect 14-15 Present perfect or past simple? page 377 American English
11 Exercises
1 Form (b)
Add a sentence. Use the present perfect.
► I'm tired. (I / walk / miles) I've walked miles.
Emma's computer is working now. (she / repair / it)
It's cooler in here now. (I / open / the window)
The visitors are here at last, (they / arrive)
Mark's car isn't blocking us in now. (he / move / it)
We haven't got any new videos, (we / watch / all these)
2 Irregular forms (c)
Look at the pictures and say what the people have done.
Use these verbs: break, build, catch, see, win
Use these objects: a film, a fish, a house, his leg, the gold medal
►She's won the gold medal.
3
4
3 Review (a-d)
Trevor and Laura are decorating their house. Put in the verbs. Use the present perfect.
Laura: How is the painting going? (►) Have you finished ? (you / finish) Trevor: No, I haven't. Painting the ceiling is really difficult, you know.
(1) (I / not / do) very much. And it looks just the same as
before. This new paint (2) (not / make) any difference.
Laura: (3) (you / not / put) enough on.
Trevor: (4) (1 / hurt) my back. It feels bad.
Laura: Oh, you and your back. You mean (5)………………………………………. (you / have) enough of
decorating. Well, I'll do it. Where (6) ………………………… (you / put) the brush?
Trevor: I don't know. (7) (it / disappear).
(8)………………………………………. (I / look) for it, but I can't find it.
Laura: You're hopeless, aren't you? How much (9)………………………………… (you / do) in here?
Nothing! (10) (I / paint) two doors.
Trevor: (11)………………………………………… (I / clean) all this old paint around the window.
It looks much better now, doesn't it? Laura: (12)……………………………………… (we / make) some progress, I suppose.
Now, where (13) (that brush /go)?
Oh, (14)…………………………………… (you / leave) it on the ladder, look.
12 The present perfect (2):
just, already, yet; for and since
We can use the present perfect with just, already and yet.
Just means 'a short time ago'. Vicky heard about the concert not long ago. Already means 'sooner than expected'. They sold the tickets very quickly. We use yet when we are expecting something to happen. Vicky expects that Rachel will buy a ticket.
Just and already come before the past participle (heard, sold). Yet comes at the end of a question or a negative sentence.
Here are some more examples.
We've just come back from our holiday.
I've just had an idea.
It isn't a very good party. Most people have already gone home.
My brother has already crashed his new car.
It's eleven o'clock and you haven't finished breakfast yet.
Has your course started yet? But for American English see page 377.
B For and since
We can use the present perfect with for and since.
Vicky has only had that camera for three days. Those people have been at the hotel since Friday.
I've felt really tired for a whole week now.
We've
lived
in
Oxford since
1992.
not
We
live-here-sinee-1992.
Here
something began in the past and has lasted up to the present time.
We use for to say how long this period is {for three days). We use since to say when the period began (since Friday).
We use how long in questions.
How long has Vicky had that camera? ~ Since Thursday, I think.
How long have Trevor and Laura been married? ~ Oh, for about three years.
We can also use the present perfect with for and since when something has stopped happening. / haven't seen Rachel for ages. She hasn't visited us since July.
11,13 More on the present perfect 14-15 Present perfect or past simple?
17 Present perfect continuous or simple? 114 Yet, still and already 121 For, since, ago and before
12 Exercises