E. 1. Choose the correct form

1. The academic year (are divided, is divided, were divided, divides) into two terms. 2. This road (was built, is built, were built, are built) last year. 3. An interesting problem (was discussed, were discussed, are discussed, discussed) at the lecture. 4. The telegram (was sent, were sent, will be sent, are sent) tomorrow. 5. The new grammar rule (is asked, are asked, were asked, will be asked) at the next lesson. 6. The experiments (was completed, completed, will be completed, are completed) by the end of the week. 7. At the Institute the students (is taught, are taught, was taught, taught) many different subjects.

E. 2. Choose the proper variant

1. January is (colder, the coldest) than March. 2. Aluminium is (more important, the most important) metal of industry. 3. Chemistry is not so (difficult, less difficult) as Mathematics. 4. The Volga is one of (longer, the longest) rivers in Russia. 5. This car is (more comfortable, the most comfortable) than that one. 6. English is as (difficult, more difficult) as Mathematics. 7. Iron is one of (more useful, the most useful) metals of industry. 8. This is (more beautiful, the most beautiful) building in the city. 9. This group studies (better, the best) than that one. 10. Strength of materials is (more difficult, the most difficult) than Mathematics.

Unit 6. Civil engineering

Grammar:

1. Continuous Tenses § 15

2. Функции слова As § 38

3. Функции слова THAT § 35

1. 1. Translate the following international words:

Canal, function, category, design, client, consult, theoretical, physics, mathematics, information, mechanical, electrical, sanitary, profession, series, atomic, electronic, architecture, metallurgical, industrial, hydrauilic

A. 2. Learn new words

а sеriеs оf ряд аrt искусство client заказчик ехtent степень growth рост nаrrоw узкий раve мостить sense смысл tеrm термин		base основывать century век, столетие definе определять engineering техника lаte поздний, поздно militаrу военный nuсlеаr ядерный оbservе наблюдать реtroleum нефть		аbоve упомянутый выше application применение clеаr ясный, понятный dереnd оn зависеть от design проектировать, проект disсоvеr [diskvə] открывать disсоvеry [diskvəri] открытие highway шоссе, автомагистраль invепtion изобретение
агсhitecture архитектура contractor подрядчик еnumerаtion перечисление number количество, число оbservation наблюдение раvemеnt тротуар, мостовая perform выполнять роwеr рlаnt электростанция rаilrоаd железная дорога remarkable замечательный			аеrоsрасевоздушное пространство аgriculture сельское хозяйство dаte bасk восходить, вести начало electrical engineering электротехника grow — grew — grow расти, возрастать housing жилье, жилищное строительство hydraulic engineering гидротехника lеаd — 1еd — 1еdвести, руководить sanitary engineering санитарная техника structuralстроительный, структурный
energy энергия еngine двигатель hаrbоur гавань invепt изобретать mаrinе морской		consulting engineer инженер-консультант, эксперт deal – dealt – dealt with иметь дело с, рассматривать maintenance техническое обслуживание, уход, эксплуатация make – mаdе — mаdе делать, производить site investigation инженерно-геологические изыскания
if если	feasibility study технико-экономическое обоснование проекта

structural engineering проектирование зданий и сооружений, строительная техника

A. 3. Translate the following word combinations:

the art of designing, to design structures, in different branches, to divide into parts, a century ago, a great invention, a remarkable discovery, power plants, to define the term, to lead to the discovery, to use engines, to complete observation, to pave roads, to include housing construction, branches of engineering, fields of civil engineering, theoretical application, the construction of highways, to grow plants, the development of science, application of sciences, to depend on experience, to some extent

A. 4. Translate the following groups of derivatives:

important – importance, differ – different – difference, maintain – maintenance, perform – performance, depend – dependent – dependence, mechanics – mechanical, electricity – electrical, structure – structural, architect – architectural – architecture, design – designer, lead – leader, invent – inventor – invention, continue – continuous – continuation, observe – observation, define – definite – indefinite – definition, investigate – investigation, apply – application, enumerate – enumeration, pave – pavement, develop – development, wide – width – widen, grow – growth, base – basic, science – scientific – scientist, mean – meaning

B. 1. Translate the sentences

1. Is Nick still doing his lab work? 2. When I came into the hall the teacher was explaining something. 3. Some of us are collecting additional information on the problem. 4. Qualified engineers were perfecting this technique for several months last year. 5. He was correcting the translation of the article for several hours yesterday. 6. The professor was examining the students for three hours yesterday. 7. We were analyzing the results all day long yesterday. 8. Is this installation still functioning in the lab? 9. The discussion was going on from three to five o'clock yesterday.

B. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to AS

1. As I live far from the Institute I have to take a tram. 2. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power. 3. Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive. 4. As the train was approaching the station we went to the platform. 5. The teacher as well as her students is going to the theatre. 6. The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was established as early as 1725. 7. Аs the idea was false, it wаs rejected.

B. 3. Translate the sentences paying attention to THAT

1. The properties of gold are different from those of iron. 2. The professor that lectures on mechanics is the dean of our faculty. 3. The question that was discussed at the meeting yesterday is of great importance. 4. He said that he would do his best to help them. 5. The work of the new device is much more efficient than that of the old one. 6. The problems of water supply in this city are as important as those of lighting. 7. That the Earth is round was unknown for a long time. 8. Not many scientists understood Einstein's discovery at that time. 9. That air and water pollution by industrialization is reaching dangerous levels is realized by everyone.

C. 1. Read thе tехt CIVIL ENGINEERING апd аnswer the following questons using: As is known, on the one hand, on the other hand, in fact.

1. What does the word engineering mean?

2. What are the main branches of engineering?

3. What are the fields of civil engineering?

The word "engineering" means the art of designing, constructing or using engines. Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on science but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, military, electrical, marine, sanitary, mining and nuclear engineering. The term “civil engineering” was first used in the 18^th century. While the definition "civil engineering" dates back only two centuries, the profession of a civil engineer is as old as civilized life.

Up to about the middle of the 18^th century there were two main branches of engineering - civil and military. Later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions¹, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation² of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc. This growth in the number of branches was continuing with the development of aerospace, petroleum and electronic engineering. Architecture had become a profession by itself.

In the oldest and widest sense³ the term "civil engineering" includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical and mining engineering. Here are some fields of civil engineering: 1. Housing, agricultural and industrial construction. 2. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants. 3. The construction of railroads. 4. The construction of pavements and highways. 5. Structural engineering. 6. The construction of harbours and canals. The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the fields of civil engineering.

The functions of the civil engineer can be divided into three categories: those performed before construction (feasibility studies, site investigations and design), those performed during construction (dealing with clients, consulting engineers and contractors), and those performed after construction (maintenance and research).

Notes: 1. изобретения в области механики; 2. это привело к разделению

3. в самом широком смысле

D. Speak on the branches of engineering. Make use of the text and the following expressions: As far as I know, if you look at ..., the text deals with ..., there is more information on ..., I should say, on the one hand, on the other hand, I should add, as is known, in fact

A. 5. Translate the following sentences

l. The river divides the town into two parts. 2. Civil engineering means the building of railways, roads, bridges, dams, etc. 3. What does it mean? 4. A path was paved with brick. 5. The program includes many theoretical subjects. 6. The plant produced a great number of machines. 7. Columbus discovered America. 8. Look up the definition of this term in the reference book. 9. Structural engineering is one of the main branches of civil engineering. 10. There is a military department at our Institute. 11. The scientist lectures on radio engineering. 12. The first railroad in Russia was the railroad which connected Moscow with St. Petersburg.

A. 6. Translate the following sentences

1. Who invented the engine? 2. It's about five o'clock. 3. He told us about his research work. 4. The computer's work is based on principles which are easy to understand. 5. There are molecules of different size and weight. 6. "Laser" is an international term. 7. 1492 is the date of the discovery of America. 8. Bell is a famous inventor. He invented the telephone. 9. If you divide 10 by 2, the answer is 5.

B. 4. Translate the following sentences

1. We were discussing that plan for two hours. 2. Qualified experts are testing this equipment now. 3. Designers are constantly improving the quality of the computers. 4. The engineer is not using this new device at the moment. 5. He is repairing the equipment at the moment. 6. I'll finish my work while you are playing chess. 7. He is speaking to the dean now. 8. The engineer was conducting the experiment. 9. What branches of industry are being developed in Siberia? 10. They are designing a new model of computer.

B. 5. Translate the sentences with THAT

1. One must realize that the increasing number of cars brings about considerable pollution of the air. 2. That computers and industrial robots are important for industrial uses is well known to scientists and engineers. 3. New robots will have several manipulators that will carry out many functions. 4. The essential feature of higher education in this country is that it combines theory with practice. 5. The simplest materials are those which have only one kind of atoms. 6. Water is one of the few substances that man knows. 7. It is known that the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study of special subjects. 8. The cities that were destroyed during the war were reconstructed. 9. The fact is that they haven’t calculated the speed of the car. 10. The research on solar radiation as well as that of the earth's magnetic field became possible due to sputniks.

B. 6. Translate the sentences with AS

1. Peter as well as his friend came late for the lecture. 2. As far as we know, the oil that we obtain from the earth will not last more than a few centuries at the present rate of consumption. 3. As a result of the universal gravitation every thing on or near the surface of the earth is attracted toward the earth with a force that we call weight. 4. As mercury is commonly used in barometres, air pressure is often recorded in centimetres of mercury. 5. The energy principle is not limited to solids. It appplies to liquids as well. 6. The gravitation force between two bodies gets smaller as the bodies get farther apart. 7. Many metals are found in pure state as well as in combination.

C. 2. Read the text FROM THE HISTORY OF DRAWING and answer the questions:

1. What did people learn to do earlier: to write or to draw?

2. What principles were applied to technical drawing?

People learned to draw pictures of the objects around them long before they learned to write. They used pictures instead of letters. Later they learned to make papyrus, which they used especially for writing and for drawing. People began to use pictures for building houses, palaces and other buildings. As time went on the pictures used for technical purposes changed.

At first these drawings consisted only of a picture showing the object viewed from above. This picture was called a plan. Later people began to add a front view of the object to this plan. And then other "views" were added. Methods of making drawings were described in old documents. Principles of descriptive geometry were applied to technical drawing. Drawing links up science with practice.

Notes:

view вид

make a drawing делать чертеж

C. 3. Translate the text A GREAT RUSSIAN ARCHITECT using a dictionary:

V. I. Bazhenov (1737 - 1799) was the founder of the Russian architectural classics of the 18^th century. In 1784 - 1786 he created one of his best works, a masterpiece of Russian classical architecture - the famous Pashkov house which is now the old building of the Lenin Library in Moscow.

His buildings are impressive and he fully succeeded in his purpose and gave the world something that will take its place with the greatest structures of the world. He was an outstanding artist and architect and he was also a well - known figure encyclopedically educated. He was twenty-eight when he became academician in St. Petersburg as well as a member of several academies abroad. At the same time he was a brilliant practical engineer and uncomparable designer of architectural ensembles, the Kremlin Palace being one of these.