Unit 1 (13). What is safety?

Grammar:

1. The functions of the gerund § 60

2. Прилагательные с суффиксами - able, - ible § 25

3. Passive Voice §§ 20 - 23

A. 1. Read and translate the following international words: ideal [ai'diəl], emotional [imouənl], psychological [,saikə′lɔdʒikəl], situation [,sitju'eiən], personal [pə:snl], physical [′fizikəl], risk [risk], period ['piəriəd], context [′kɔntekst]

A. 2. Learn new words

case случай death смерть error ошибка seldom редко threat угроза	belongings вещи external внешний harm вред, вредить loss потеря, утрата take принимать				desire желать, желание furniture [′fə:nitə] мебель possess иметь, обладать relative относительный significant значительный
type [taip] тип widely широко	manageable выполнимый, поддающийся управлению restitution возвращение, возмещение, восстановление
event случай, событие failure разрушение insurance страхование interprete объяснять represent представлять		concept [′kɔnsept] понятие, идея, концепция consequence последствие, вывод, заключение possession владение, собственность, имущество real [′ri:əl] действительный, реальный, подлинный spiritual [spiritjuəl] духовный, религиозный
imply значить, предполагать non-desirable нежелательный opposite противоположный probablyвозможно, вероятно response ответ, реагирование			compensate [′kɔmpinseit] вознаграждать educational образовательный, учебный eliminate устранять, исключать, удалять issue издание, выпуск; спор­ный вопрос safety безопасность, техника безопасности
individual отдельный, личный perceive понимать, осознавать such (as) например, а именно varyменять(ся), изменять(ся)				exposure выставление, подвергание hazard [hæzəd] риск, опасность injury повреждение, рана, увечье property имущество, собственность

economical [,i:kə′nɔmikəl] экономичный, экономный, бережливый

manage руководить, управлять; справиться, суметь (сделать)

occupational профессиональный, связанный с характером работы

A. 3. Read and translate the following groups of derivatives

protect - protection, eliminate – elimination, consider - consideration, compensate - compensation, relate – relative - relation, possess – possessions, belong – belongings, safe – safety, insure - insurance, expose - exposure, fail - failure, manage – manageable, desire - to desire – desirable – non-desirable, damage – to damage, harm - to harm – harmful

A. 4. Translate the following word combinations:

protect personal belongings, external threats, personal harm, consequences of failure, to cause health or economical losses, include protection of possessions, eliminate all risk, extremely difficult, very expensive, a safe situation, property damage, a significant impact, risk of death, risk of injury or damage, individual response, safety issues, in the case of damage or loss, protection from hazards

B. 1. Translate the sentences

1. A path was paved with brick. 2. The computer's work is based on principles which are easy to understand. 3. This road is used by pedestrians and vehicles. 4. He is considered the best specialist in this field. 5. The top of the mountain was covered with snow. 6. The ice-breaker is designed for operation in Arctic waters. 7. Unlike old cities, cities built later were planned by architects. 8. The details were transported by special lorries. 9. The houses are spaced ten metres apart. 10. The palace was surrounded by a high wall.

B. 2. Translate the sentences paying attention to - able, - ible

1. This process is uncontrollable. 2. The results are easily obtainable. 3. Not all water is drinkable. 4. This difficulty is understandable. 5. These substances are inseparable. 6. Such an experiment is unrealizable. 7. These two methods are not comparable.

B. 3. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Gerund

1. Increasing pressure leads to the decrease of gas volume. 2. The diamond is used for cutting metals as it is the hardest of stones. 3. You may use this instrument for measuring gas pressure. 4. The task of the factory was producing corrosion-resistant polymers in far larger quantities. 5. Their aim is finding new ways of utilizing this polymer. 6. By cooling we can turn substances into solids or liquids. 7. The engineers were interested in testing the engine in various conditions. 8. One cannot transform water into steam without heating it. 9. What is the main reason for changing the schedule? 10. Maintaining constant temperature and pressure during the test was absolutely necessary.

C. 1. Read the text WHAT IS SAFETY? and answer the following questions:

1. How is the term “safety” used?

2. How is safety interpreted?

The concept of safety is used widely in the context of protecting personal belongings (such as a car, furniture, and other possessions) or one’s person from external threats. Safety is the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of people or of possessions.

It's important to realize that safety is relative. Eliminating all risk, if even possible, would be extremely difficult and very expensive. A safe situation is one where risks of injury or property damage are low and manageable. Safety is the opposite of danger. Freedom from hazards represents absolute safety, but this is an ideal which is seldom realized. Safety is rather a matter of protection from hazards.

Safety is generally interpreted as implying a real and significant impact on risk of death, injury or damage to property. Probably the most common individual response to perceived safety issues is insurance, which compensates for or provides restitution in the case of damage or loss.

D. 1. Comment on the following statements using the information from the text

Safety is the condition of being protected against any harm.

Safety is the opposite of danger.

B. 4. Translate the sentences

1. Nowadays computers capable of performing billions of operations a second are required. 2. In converting water into ice we do not change its composition. 3. By studying and experimenting man came to know the structure of matter. 4. By subjecting air to very great pressure and cooling it is possible to transform it to the liquid state. 5. Science cannot be studied without experimenting. 6. By adding heat we cause the greater motion of the molecules. 7. Electronics opens up wonderful possibilities for controlling various technological processes. 8. The barometer is an instrument for determining atmospheric pressure. 9. We spend energy in lifting an object. 10. In changing water into steam its composition is not changed. 11. The experimenter suggested purifying the solution by a new method.

B. 5. Translate the sentences

1. These values are incomparable. 2. These results are obtainable by experiments. 3. The advantages of this material are comparable to the advantages of that one. 4. This problem is insoluble. 5. Land, air and water are inseparable. 6. Much higher strength is obtainable. 7. Don't make anything of breakable material.

B. 6. Translate the sentences

1. Advanced technology is used to collect, sort and process materials that are discarded by industry or the public. 2. Materials which are recycled are less expensive than primary raw materials. 3. A lot of forests are being cut down, lakes are drying up. 4. Certain gases, such as water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane, are called greenhouse gases. 5. Large amounts of dust are emitted into the atmosphere by thermal electric plants. 6. There is no waste in nature: nothing is created, nothing is lost. 7. The making of synthetic fibers is accompanied by the emission of toxic carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide. 8. The exercise was done without any difficulty. 9. It has been established that air pollution in urban areas grows in proportion to the population.

C. 2. Read the text Ergonomics and find answer to the question: How does the International Ergonomics Association define Ergonomics?

The word, coined from the Greek 'ergos' (work) and 'nomos' (natural law) was first used in 1949 when a society was formed to bring together workers in various fields who were concerned with different aspects of the subject.

Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to fit the worker. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability.

The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows: Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.

Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the two goals of health and productivity. It is relevant in the design of such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines. Ergonomics is concerned with the ‘fit’ between people and their technological tools and environments. It takes account of the user's capabilities and limitations in seeking to ensure that tasks, equipment, information and the environment suit each user.

To assess the fit between a person and the used technology, ergonomists consider the job (activity) being done and the demands on the user; the equipment used (its size, shape, and how appropriate it is for the task), and the information used (how it is presented, accessed, and changed).

data данные define определять	capability способность limitation ограничение				tool инструмент, станок take account of учитывать
fit пригонка goal цель strain деформация	repetitive [ri 'petitiv] без конца повторяющийся, скучный seek – sought - sought искать, разыскивать, разузнавать well-being благополучие, благосостояние, процветание
bring together свести вместе proper должный, подходящий		concern [kən′sə:n] касаться, иметь отношение disability неспособность, нетрудоспособность
employ использовать, нанимать fulfil выполнять, осуществлять			interface интерфейс, стык, взаимодействие relevant уместный, относящийся к делу
coin чеканить, штамповать, создавать productivity производительность				long-term долгосрочный, длительный performance исполнение, выполнение

C. 3. Read the text Safety using a dictionary

“Culture is the human-made part of the environment.” This definition reminds us that the ecology shapes the cultures that emerge in it, and in turn culture shapes particular kinds of behaviours. A simplified way of thinking about culture is to place it between ecology and social behaviour as follows:

Ecology - culture - social behavior.

Ecology consists of the objects, the resources, and the geography of the environment, and the ways one can make a living and survive (Schein). This is the definition adopted by the author.

Schein’s definition includes the key characteristics of culture. First, culture emerges in adaptive interactions. Second, culture consists of shared elements (shared language, and the opportunity to interact). Third, culture is transmitted across time periods and generations (modern communications results in cultural diffusion in films and television). Culture is a complex concept that must be analyzed at every level before it can be understood.