- •Предисловие
- •What economics is
- •What is Economics?
- •2. Micro- and macroeconomics
- •Microeconomics and macroeconomics
- •Learn the vocabulary:
- •1. Traditional economies
- •Traditional economies
- •2. Command (planned) economies
- •Planned economies
- •3. Market economies
- •Market economies
- •4. Mixed economies
- •Mixed economies
- •Ex. 7. A) Check your grammar:
- •The role of government in the economy
- •The Role of Government in the Economy.
- •Ex. 7. Translate into English:
- •Equilibrium Point
- •Inflation
- •Cost – push inflation
- •Ex. 3. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •Ex. 5. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text:
- •Ex. 6. Change the conditional sentences (real) into unreal
- •Ex. 8. Read and translate the text: The issue of recession versus inflation
- •Pressures Influencing Ethical Decision Making
- •Encouraging Ethical Behavior
- •Learn the vocabulary:
- •II. Understanding business finance
- •What is Finance?
- •If necessary:
- •Functions of money
- •Bank organization
- •3. Stock exchange
- •Stock Exchange
- •Ex. 2. Read and translate the text: Definition of Management
- •Levels and areas of management
- •1. Levels of Management
- •2. Areas of management
- •Management Skills
- •Learn the vocabulary
- •What is accounting?
- •The accounting systems
- •Accounting Versus Bookkeeping
- •1. Learning about marketing
- •Ex. 2. Read and translate the text: Learning about marketing
- •Ex. 3. Give English equivalents to the following:
- •Ex. 5. Number the steps of marketing process:
- •Ex. 6. Form gerunds from the verbs below and put them into the gaps:
- •Ex. 7. Fill in the gaps with the correct modal verbs given below:
- •1. Certain conditions … be met before an exchange … take place.
- •Learn the vocabulary:
- •2. The marketing strategy process Ex. 1. Learn the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:
- •4. Promotional mix
- •Что такое Promotion?
- •5. Check your knowledge of marketing
- •Commerce Ex. 1. Learn the pronunciation:
- •Ex. 2. Read and translate the text Trade
- •III. Some facts of business life
- •Starbucks
- •II. Nike
- •III. The internet sells its soul
- •IV. Tiny machines, giant market
- •Southwest Airlines
- •VII. Brand wars
- •Own-Label Products
- •Lookalike Coke
- •VIII. If the price is right…
- •IX. Looking after the twenty percent
- •X. Bright ideas
- •XI. The lateral thinker
- •XII. Boardroom culture clash
- •XIII. Made in japan
- •4. Total Quality Management means scrapping products which do not come up to the required standard.
- •XIV. She's the boss
- •XV. Managing the planet
- •XVI. Credit out of control
- •Instant access
- •Библиографический список:
- •Contents
The role of government in the economy
Ex. 1. Learn the pronunciation of the following words:
enterprise [ ] private [ ]
maintenance [ ] to bargain [ ]
handicapped [ ] unfairly [ ]
environment [ ] product [ ]
to subsidize [ ] exercise [ ]
pharmaceutical [ ] purpose [ ]
thoroughly [ ] indigent [ ]
compliance [ ] retiree [ ]
reasonable [ ] volume [ ]
adequately [ ] virtually [ ]
Ex. 2. Read and translate the text:
The Role of Government in the Economy.
Although based largely on the concept of free enterprise and organizing economic activity through open and competitive markets, the US economy has a tradition of government intervention for specific economic purposes – including limiting monopoly, protecting the consumer, providing for the poor, handicapped and elderly, and presenting the environment.
There is virtually nothing a person can buy in the United States that is not affected by some kind of government regulation. Food manufacturers must tell exactly what is in a can or box or jar. No pharmaceutical drug can be sold until it is thoroughly tested and then approved by a federal agency. Many types of businesses must pass inspections by government workers for compliance with health, safety or both types of regulations. Automobiles must be built according to safety standards, and must carry pollution – control devices. Prices for goods must be clearly marked and advertising must be honest.
Laws and regulations protect American workers in many ways. Laws prohibit discrimination in hiring; forbid hiring children for most jobs and set rules for using children in others (such as acting); set standards for working conditions; and protect the rights of independent labor unions to organize, bargain and strike peacefully.
Each level of government provides direct services. The postal system, for example, is a federal system serving the entire nation, as is the large military establishment. The construction and maintenance of most highways is the responsibility of individual state governments. The public education systems are primarily paid for by the state, county or city governments. In general, police and fire protection are also the responsibilities of local government.
The government regulates and controls private enterprise in many ways in order to ensure that business serves the best interests of the people as a whole. Regulation is considered necessary in areas where private enterprise has been granted a monopoly, such as in electric or local telephone service, or in other areas where there is limited such companies to make reasonable profits, but limits their ability to raise prices "un fairly" ( as defined by the regulators) because the public depends on their services. Often control is exercised to protect the public, for example, when the Food and Drug Administration bans harmful drugs, or requires standards of quality in food. In other industries, government sets guidelines to ensure fair competition without using direct control.
Branches of government, including Congress and such entities as the Federal Reserve System, attempt to control the extremes of boom and bust, and of inflation and depression, by adjusting fax rates, the money supply and the use of credit. They can also affect the economy by changing the amount of public spending by the government itself. Normally, the aim is a balanced federal budget.
The government provides many kinds of help to businesses and individuals. For example, tariffs permit certain products to remain relatively free from
foreign competition; imports are sometimes faxed or limited by volume so that American products can better aid to farmers by subsidizing prices they receive for their crops.
In quite a different area, government supports individuals who cannot adequately care for themselves by making grants to low – income parents with dependent children, by providing medical care for the aged and indigent, and through social insurance programs that assist the unemployed and retirees.
Ex. 3. Choose the correct preposition in the following sentences:
1. The theoretical basis of government … American business has been provided
… more than 200 years by "Laisser – faire" ("Leave-it-alone").
a) of, with; b) forward, for; c) to, in.
2. Many private property owners in the U.S. have turned … the government …
help … numerous occasions.
a) for, with, by; b) to, on, at; c) to, for, on.
3. Manufacturers and bankers have sought government assistance … many
forms.
a) of; b) by; c) in.
4. There has been a constant demand … government help … specific
economic to satisfy government rules costs money and adds .. the prices
businessmen must charge.
a) in, on; b) out, to; c) out, up;
Ex. 4. Complete the sentences:
1. Laws and regulations protect American workers … .
2. Food manufactures must tell exactly … .
3. Prices for goods must be … .
4. The public education systems … .
5. The government controls private enterprises in order to … .
Ex. 5. Fill in the gaps with the words given below:
maintenance, compliance, insist, harmful, interaction, handicapped,
environment, virtually, competitive, purpose;
1. There are special schools for children who are mentally … .
2. Many new laws were enacted to prevent the pollution of the … .
3. Their … was to raise money for medical supplies.
4. The once elegant temple is … in ruins now.
5. General Motors has definitely succeeded in designing a … car.
6. I … on a contract that will give us some sort of security.
7. The rays of the sun, in excess, can be very … .
8. He acted in … with her wish.
9. There is a need for more … between our staff and the public.
10.Who is responsible for the … and care of the buildings?
Ex. 6. Open the brackets, using Present or Past Simple, Active or Passive
Voice:
1. The U.S. economy (to base) largely or the concept of free enterprise.
2. In order (to sell) any drug must (to test) and (to approve) by a federal agency.
3. Since 1930s the government intervention in the U.S. economy (to begin, to
increase) rapidly.
4. The laws and regulations which (to enact) since 1930s (to alter) the shape of
the American economy.
5. In the 19th century, the railroad building association (to accept) grants of land
and public subsidies.
Many Americans (to believe) that strict regulations (to need) (to keep) businesses from cheating.
A conservative (to define) as one who (to favor) private initiative and (to oppose) government intervention.
The Laws (to pass) (to make sure) that food and drugs (to label) correctly and that meat (to inspect) before (to sell).