7. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письмен­ но переведите 1, 2 и 4 абзацы текста. What is Psychology and the Law?

Psychology is the study of behavior, thought, feelings, and emotions. Therefore, psychology principles can apply to all aspects of life, including the legal system. The study of psychological issues in the legal system is known as forensic psychology, legal psychology, or psychology and the law.

There is currently debate within the field over the best way to designate those people working with psycho-legal issues. Some argue that any psychologist who works on issues related to the legal system should have the designation of forensic psychologist. This means that someone testifying in court regarding eyewitness memory can be considered a forensic psychologist. Others argue that the designation of forensic psychologist should be reserved for those psychologists who perform assessments and evaluations of individuals in the legal system - that is a forensic psychologist is first and foremost a clinical psychologist who has received additional training on dealing with forensic populations. These people argue that those aspects of social, cognitive, or industrial-organizational psychology that influence the legal system (like studies of eyewitness memory) may be better termed legal psychology.

Many people working in psychology and the law are not officially trained in psychology and law programs. They are trained in traditional clinical, social, or cognitive programs under the advisement of someone conducting psycho-legal research. There is no limit to the types of research that can be conducted by psycho-legal researchers. Some focus on psychology and employment law. Some focus on cognitive psychology and the law, such as eyewitness testimony/memory. Others focus on social psychology and the law, such as group dynamics and jury decision-making. Finally, there is a wide variety of research on clinical psychology and the law, such as competency to stand trial, risk assessment, and custody evaluations.

To make it clear, the term Forensic Psychology is used to discuss clinical applications of psychology to the law, the term Legal Psychology - experimental (non-clinical) applications of psychology to the law and psychology and the law – to the field as a whole.

8. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. Are most people working in psychology and the law officially trained in psychology and law programs?

2. What are they trained in?

3. What do people working in psychology and the law focus on?

Вариант VII

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, имеющие окончание -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, ка­кой частью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т.е. служит ли оно

а) показателем 3-голица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Psychology is not the only branch of science which examines people, but it differs from other disciplines in that it is concerned chiefly with behaviour.

2. It is man's performance in which psychologists are primarily interested.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните их и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The work of this famous scientist is probably the best of contemporary effort to identify the structure of personality.

2. As the adolescent becomes older and stronger and gains more freedom, he may abuse his independence or he may become shy and withdrawn.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркни­те неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложе­ния на русский язык.

1. Не didn't write anything about Darwin's theory of evolution in his article.

2. Some leading psychologists of the country delivered speech at the conference last month.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Пере­ведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Cultures differ in their emphasis on money, on spiritual values, and on social values.

2. To discover the ages and stages of growth, the scientists have carefully studied many children and recorded their behaviour.

3. Thinking is called as mental activity, involving the manipulation of symbols, signs, concepts, or ideas which are symbolically represented.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуе­мого. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. Sidney Jourard watched pairs of people talking in cafes, noting down the number of times one person touched another during a period of one hour.

2. Language, when spoken, involves complicated psychological process in the mouth and speech organs of the speaker.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на рус­ский язык.

1. Power of knowledge should be placed in the hands of people.

2. Twelve delegates representing psychologists from several countries are to meet for six days of talks at the end of February.

3. Sigmund Freud was able to explain biological factors of aggressive and violent behaviour.

7. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письмен­ но переведите 1, 2 и 4 абзацы текста.

Major models of corrections

In order to examine the major philosophical orientations that have guided the modern penal system, it is important to acknowledge that the use of prisons as a place of confinement, as the penalty for wrongdoing, is of relatively recent origin. Historically, the two major purposes served by prisons were, firstly, to hold the accused person until the trial proceedings were completed (the function we today call “remand custody”), and secondly, to hold the convicted person until the punishments were meted out. In the latter case, the punishments were swift and often final. They included execution, dismemberment, public floggings, branding, the stocks and the pillory and other similar sanctions that today we would generally classify as “cruel and unusual punishment.”

It was primarily in the late 18th and early 19th century that confinement in prisons came to be used as the punishment. Ironically, the use of confinement or incarceration in its modern evolution was viewed essentially as a progressive reform based on a desire to enhance and promote humanitarian ideals in contrast to the use of more barbaric forms of punishment of earlier times. Today, the use of long term confinement in prison has itself become known as one of the most severe and debilitating forms of punishment used by society.

In any discussion of modern penology the focus is almost exclusively on the use and effectiveness of prisons. The word “penal” is defined in the Oxford Dictionary as an adjective, and is essentially “of punishment . . . hence penalty.” And while we think firstly of prisons when we talk of punishment, we need to be reminded that modern penology includes a wide range of sanctions, penalties and consequences in addition to incarceration that the court can invoke or impose in response to illegal behavior.

The full range of sanctions available to the court is embodied in our present day in a number of programs which have come to be known as “corrections.” While the term corrections emerged as a specific philosophical approach to dealing with offenders, it has now come to be used to describe the programs through which the sanctions of the court are carried out. While varying over time, many of the programs are community based and seen as a preferred alternative to incarceration.