8. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What does modern penology focus upon?

2. How is the word “penal” defined in the Oxford Dictionary?

Вариант VIII

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните в них слова, име­ющие окончание -s, и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой ча­стью речи являются эти слова и какую функцию выполняет это окончание, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-голица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Many psychologists disagreed with Freud's theory of aggression.

1. The word "psychoanalysis" refers solely to the theories of Freud and investigation based thereon.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, подчеркните их и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We can control our facial muscles so as to create the impression that we are happier or less anxious than we feel.

2. Parents who punish a lot tend to have more aggressive children than those who use little punishment.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркни­те неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения. Переведите предложе­ния на русский язык.

1. Most people have some idea what psychology is about, but they are often confused by the distinction between psychology and psychiatry.

2. He asked whether I had any books on psychology.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Пере­ведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Research with animals and humans has shown that our psychological needs and motives may be significantly influenced from the day of birth, if not before.

2. Imagination enables us to free our thinking from the rules of axiomatic system to an open-minded, creative treatment of problems.

3. Freud published his formulations about the development and structure of personality which were based upon his experiences.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли причастие определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуе­мого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Psychologists are interested not so much in behaviour itself but in the internal processes producing that behaviour.

2. While learning to speak a foreign language we must have much practice.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на рус­ский язык.

1. Behaviourists assumed that learning can be understood in terms of conditioning principles.

2. Sigmund Freud claimed that psychological forms of treatment (such as psychoanalysis) could allow people to lead fuller and happier lives.

3. Educational psychologists must help children who are experiencing learning difficulties.

7. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письмен­ но переведите 1, 2 и 4 абзацы текста.

Legal psychology

Legal psychology can be defined as the part which “involves pragmatic, psychological research of the law, legal institutions, and people who come into contact with the law.” The psychologists involved in this legal psychology in general acquire the necessary societal and cognitive values and apply them to the issues in the legal system like:

- Eyewitness memory,

- Jury decision-making,

- Investigations, and

- Interviewing

The combination of the psychological values with legal applications or contexts may perhaps be well thought-out as a legal psychology in general (even if research relating to clinical psychology, e.g., insanity defense (невменяемость), mental illness, offender profiling, competency, etc., is normally categorized as forensic psychology, and not legal psychology).

The legal psychology researchers were mainly paying attention on issues correlated to eyewitness demonstration and the decision-making by the jury.

Numerous legal psychologists have their profession as professors in the university psychology departments, criminal justice departments or the law schools. Similar to the other professors, the legal psychologists in general accomplish and publish empirical research, educate in various classes, and guide the graduate and undergraduate students. The legal parties in order to testify the expert witnesses call the psychologists who are explicitly trained in legal issues, as well as persons with no official training.