- •Федеральное агентство по образованию
- •Удк 802:62(075.8)
- •П р е д и с л о в и е
- •Part I. Highway construction road
- •Vocabulary notes
- •From the history of roads
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Road engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building a road
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Impact on society
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Problems of safety
- •Cars: passion or problem
- •Components of the automobile
- •Making a car panel
- •Finding a fault in a car
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Modern buses
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Motor companies
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Ford motor company
- •Vocabulary notes
- •General motors company
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Chrysler
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Modern transportation vehicles and systems
- •Vocabulary notes
- •A car cooling system
- •Fuel warning light
- •Test II
- •Part II. Housing construction engineering
- •Engineering as a profession
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Types of engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building materials cement
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary notes
- •General properties of clay bricks
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Concrete
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Requirements for concrete quality
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Admixtures for concrete
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Gas concrete
- •Vocabulary notes
- •The structural use of plastics in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Prestressed concrete structures structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Reasons for prestressing
- •Principles of prestressing
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Systems and methods of prestressing
- •Vocabulary notes
- •How prestressed concrete works
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Prestressed beams, arch beams, slabs and shells
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building industry
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building houses
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Foundations
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Brickmaking
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Bricklaying
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Partition walling
- •The new look in buildings
- •Vocabulary notes
- •High-rise building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Glass-walled skyscaper
- •26-Storey blocks at wyndford, glasgow
- •National theatre of japan
- •Round tower in sydney’s australia square
- •Scotland’s largest supermarket
- •Modern bridge designs
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Test II
- •Part III. Texts for supplementary reading National and international highway systems
- •In search of smoother roads
- •Concrete protection
- •Innovative backfill for bridge
- •Germany’s highway vision
- •Forming a tunnel
- •Bridge or Tunnel?
- •Prestressed concrete runways and concrete pavements
- •Bridge at Kirchkein, Germany
- •The George Washington Bridge bus terminal, New York
- •Constructing a skyscraper
- •Eastbourne’s new Congress Theatre
- •Diaphragm walls
- •Thin diaphragm cut-off walls
- •The scope of civil engineering.
- •Why “civil” engineer?
- •Vocabulary part I
- •Part II
- •Библиографический список
- •Содержание
- •Пособие по английскому языку
Vocabulary notes
strength of concrete прочность бетона
reinforced concrete армированный бетон
ferroconcrete железобетон
prestressed concrete предварит. напряженный бетон
structural material строительные материалы
sand песок
gravel гравий
cement цемент
lime известь
gypsum гипс
aggregate заполнитель
fine aggregate мелкий заполнитель
coarse aggregate крупный заполнитель
binder вяжущее
curing выдерживание
pouring заливка бетона, укладка бетонной смеси
shrinkage усадка
to mold отливать в форму
EXERCISES
I. Read and translate the text.
II. Find synonyms for the following words:
structural material; amount of cement; to affect; construction; essential; aggregate; to erect.
III. Explain the meaning of the following words:
aggregate; mixture; to be free from; water-to-cement ratio; environmental factors; masonry construction.
IV. Form nouns from the following words:
to mix; practical; to produce; to develop; to design; strong; to measure; to shrink; to invent; to contribute; to apply.
V. Put the questions:
Q: ...
A: I know that concrete is compound structural material.
Q: ...
A: The main aggregates are sand, lime, and clay.
Q: ...
A: The character of concrete is determined by a water-to-cement ratio.
Q: …
A: The strength of concrete is measured in pounds per square inch.
VI. Retell the text using words and word combinations from the vocabulary list.
Requirements for concrete quality
Uniform quality of a concrete is of great importance for modern construction. Procedures for obtaining high quality concrete are given in many publications.
Both normal weight and structural lightweight concrete can be made uniform with proper mix proportioning and production controls. Normally concrete for segmental construction will have a slump of 3 to 5 in., and 28-day strength greater than the strength specified by structural design. It is recommended that statistical methods be used to evaluate concrete mixes
The methods and procedures used to obtain the characteristics of concrete required by the design may differ somewhat depending on whether the segments are cast in the field or in a plant. The results will be influenced by curing temperature and type of curing. Liquid or steam curing or electric heat curing may be used.
A sufficient number of test mixes should be made to assure uniformity of strength and modulus of elasticity. Careful selection of aggregates, cement, admixtures and water will improve strength and modulus of elasticity and will also reduce shrinkage and creep. Soft aggregates and poor sands should be avoided. Creep and shrinkage data for concrete mixes should be available or should be determined by tests.
It is better not to use corrosive admixtures such as calcium chloride or those containing substantial chlorides, nitrates, sulfates and fluorides. Water-reducing admixtures which improve concrete resistance to environmental effects, such as de-icing salts and freeze and thaw actions are highly desirable. However, their use should be rigidly controlled in order not to increase undesirable variations in strength and modulus of elasticity of the concrete.
Mixes should be designed to minimize creep and shrinkage. Reliable data on the potential of the mix in terms of strength gain and creep and shrinkage performance should be used as a basis for improved design parameters.