- •Федеральное агентство по образованию
- •Удк 802:62(075.8)
- •П р е д и с л о в и е
- •Part I. Highway construction road
- •Vocabulary notes
- •From the history of roads
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Road engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building a road
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Impact on society
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Problems of safety
- •Cars: passion or problem
- •Components of the automobile
- •Making a car panel
- •Finding a fault in a car
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Modern buses
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Motor companies
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Ford motor company
- •Vocabulary notes
- •General motors company
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Chrysler
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Modern transportation vehicles and systems
- •Vocabulary notes
- •A car cooling system
- •Fuel warning light
- •Test II
- •Part II. Housing construction engineering
- •Engineering as a profession
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Types of engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building materials cement
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary notes
- •General properties of clay bricks
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Concrete
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Requirements for concrete quality
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Admixtures for concrete
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Gas concrete
- •Vocabulary notes
- •The structural use of plastics in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Prestressed concrete structures structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Reasons for prestressing
- •Principles of prestressing
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Systems and methods of prestressing
- •Vocabulary notes
- •How prestressed concrete works
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Prestressed beams, arch beams, slabs and shells
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building industry
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building houses
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Foundations
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Brickmaking
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Bricklaying
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Partition walling
- •The new look in buildings
- •Vocabulary notes
- •High-rise building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Glass-walled skyscaper
- •26-Storey blocks at wyndford, glasgow
- •National theatre of japan
- •Round tower in sydney’s australia square
- •Scotland’s largest supermarket
- •Modern bridge designs
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Test II
- •Part III. Texts for supplementary reading National and international highway systems
- •In search of smoother roads
- •Concrete protection
- •Innovative backfill for bridge
- •Germany’s highway vision
- •Forming a tunnel
- •Bridge or Tunnel?
- •Prestressed concrete runways and concrete pavements
- •Bridge at Kirchkein, Germany
- •The George Washington Bridge bus terminal, New York
- •Constructing a skyscraper
- •Eastbourne’s new Congress Theatre
- •Diaphragm walls
- •Thin diaphragm cut-off walls
- •The scope of civil engineering.
- •Why “civil” engineer?
- •Vocabulary part I
- •Part II
- •Библиографический список
- •Содержание
- •Пособие по английскому языку
Vocabulary notes
soft-mud мягкий раствор
stiff-clay жесткая глина
pressed brick прессованный кирпич
mold форма
to sprinkle разбрызгивать; посыпать
trough желоб
wire-cut-brick проволочный кирпич
kiln печь
sand-lime brick песчано-известковый кирпич
perforated brick дырчатый кирпич
EXERCISES
I. Read and translate the following text. Annotate it in Russian.
II. Speak on the three-ways of forming bricks.
III. Speak about the materials, used for brick-making; different shapes of bricks; possible colors of bricks.
IV. Make up sentences from the following words:
1. Brick-making – sand – water – are – widely – for – used
2. Heavy machine – is pressed – under – clay – in – pressure – high
3. Before – from the bricks – water – firing – removed – must be
4. Must be – bricks – carefully – in the wall – arranged – to produce – good – strength – appearance – high – and
V. Determine the part of speech and the grammatical form of the following words. Translate them into Russian:
1. Construct; construction; constructional feature; construction site reconstruction; a reconstructed building.
2. Conclude; conclusion; conclusive; inclusively.
3. Require; requirement; required.
4. Undertake; undertaker; undertaking; undertook.
Bricklaying
When a wall is built of bricks, the bricks are set in mortar. Mortar usually consists of a mixture of sand and either lime or Portland cement or, more often, a mixture of the two. Enough water is used in mixing the mortar to produce a paste in which the bricks can be firmly bedded. The bricks must be carefully arranged or “bonded” as it is called, in the wall in order to produce a structure of good strength and appearance, the pattern of the brickwork depending on the bond which is used. The “pointing”, or finishing, of mortar joints is also given careful attention since it affects the appearance and the weather resistance of the wall.
Each layer of bricks is called a “course” and the bricklayer has to be very skillful to keep the courses exactly level and the thickness of mortar between each course of bricks the same throughout the length and depth of the wall. The corners of the walls must be absolutely upright or “plumb”.
Nowadays the outer walls of buildings often consist of an outer and inner wall with a space of about 5 centimeters (2 inches) between them, the two layers being held together at intervals by small metal ties. These cavity walls, as they are called, help moisture evaporate better than solid walls. A layer of insulating material is often put in the space between the walls to prevent heat escaping from the building. This is known as “cavity wall insulation”.
When bricks are built in curves, as in arches or curved walls, the bricklayer has to shape the bricks in order to fit them together. Sometimes quite soft bricks called “rubbers” are used; these can be rubbed on a hard stone in order to shape them so accurately that they can be built with thin mortar joints. Work of this type is known as “gauged brickwork” and demands great skill.