- •Федеральное агентство по образованию
- •Удк 802:62(075.8)
- •П р е д и с л о в и е
- •Part I. Highway construction road
- •Vocabulary notes
- •From the history of roads
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Road engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building a road
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Impact on society
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Problems of safety
- •Cars: passion or problem
- •Components of the automobile
- •Making a car panel
- •Finding a fault in a car
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Modern buses
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Motor companies
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Ford motor company
- •Vocabulary notes
- •General motors company
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Chrysler
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Modern transportation vehicles and systems
- •Vocabulary notes
- •A car cooling system
- •Fuel warning light
- •Test II
- •Part II. Housing construction engineering
- •Engineering as a profession
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Types of engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Civil engineering
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building materials cement
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Vocabulary notes
- •General properties of clay bricks
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Concrete
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Requirements for concrete quality
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Admixtures for concrete
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Gas concrete
- •Vocabulary notes
- •The structural use of plastics in building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Prestressed concrete structures structures
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Reasons for prestressing
- •Principles of prestressing
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Systems and methods of prestressing
- •Vocabulary notes
- •How prestressed concrete works
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Prestressed beams, arch beams, slabs and shells
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building industry
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Building houses
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Foundations
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Brickmaking
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Bricklaying
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Partition walling
- •The new look in buildings
- •Vocabulary notes
- •High-rise building
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Glass-walled skyscaper
- •26-Storey blocks at wyndford, glasgow
- •National theatre of japan
- •Round tower in sydney’s australia square
- •Scotland’s largest supermarket
- •Modern bridge designs
- •Vocabulary notes
- •Test II
- •Part III. Texts for supplementary reading National and international highway systems
- •In search of smoother roads
- •Concrete protection
- •Innovative backfill for bridge
- •Germany’s highway vision
- •Forming a tunnel
- •Bridge or Tunnel?
- •Prestressed concrete runways and concrete pavements
- •Bridge at Kirchkein, Germany
- •The George Washington Bridge bus terminal, New York
- •Constructing a skyscraper
- •Eastbourne’s new Congress Theatre
- •Diaphragm walls
- •Thin diaphragm cut-off walls
- •The scope of civil engineering.
- •Why “civil” engineer?
- •Vocabulary part I
- •Part II
- •Библиографический список
- •Содержание
- •Пособие по английскому языку
Components of the automobile
Automobiles are trackless, self-propelled vehicles for land transportation of people or goods, or for moving materials. There are three main types of automobiles. These are passenger cars, buses and lorries (trucks). The automobile consists of the following components: a) the engine; b) the framework; c) the mechanism that transmits the power from engine to the wheels; d) the body.
Passenger cars are, as a rule, propelled by an internal combustion engine. They are distinguished by the horsepower of the engine, the number of cylinders in the engine and the type of the body, the type of transmission, wheelbase, weight and overall length.
There are engines of various designs. They differ in the number of cylinders, their position, their operating cycle, valve mechanism, ignition and cooling system.
Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders, although some four-, twelve-, and sixteen-cylinder engines are used. The activities that take place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages which are called strokes. The four strokes are: intake, compression, power and exhaust. “Stroke” refers to the piston movement. The upper limit of piston movement is called top dead centre, TDC. The lower limit of piston movement is called bottom dead centre, BDC. A stroke constitutes piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes the direction of motion.
EXERCISES
I. Read the text and translate it.
II. Answer the following questions:
1. What types of automobiles do you know?
2. How many cylinders do automobile engines have?
3. What components does an automobile consist of?
4. What is a passenger car propelled with?
5. What is a stroke?
III. Retell the text.
Making a car panel
This panel (FIG. 1) fits onto the front right-hand side of a car. It is made by three methods.
First, sheet steel is made. This is done by pushing a piece of steel between two rollers (see FIG. 2), which squeeze the metal and make it longer and thinner. This method is called ROLLING. Not all metals can be rolled. For example, iron cannot be rolled because it is too brittle. But steel can be rolled because it is tough and malleable enough.
Next, the steel is cut into a flat shape (see FIG. 3). This is done by placing the sheet onto a die, and then cutting a hole in it with a punch. The method is called PUNCHING. The steel can be cut easily because it is now very thin.
Finally, the sheet steel is bent and pressed into a rounded shape (like in FIG. 1). This is done by putting the sheet onto a die and then bending the sheet around the die with a press (see FIG. 4). This method is called PRESSING. It is not difficult to press sheet steel because it is thin and malleable.
EXERCISES
I. Read the text and translate it.
II. What are the objects in the diagrams called?
III. Answer these questions:
1. What makes the metal longer and thinner? Why?/Why not?
2. How is this done?
3. What does the punch do?
4. What is the press for?
5. What are the rollers for?
6. Is it easy to roll iron? Why?/Why not?
7. Is it easy to cut sheet steel?
8. What do you think “malleable” means? Choose two brittle / easy to break / easy to squeeze / rigid / easy to bend.