- •4 A/anand one
- •5 A little/a few and little/few
- •E a fear/fears,a hope/hopes,a suspicion/suspicions
- •H elder, eldest; older, oldest
- •Many and much
- •Sense: clever,foolish,idiotic*,intelligent,sensible,silly,stupid.
- •Due, due to, owing to, certain, sure, bound, confident
- •Afraid (of), ashamed (of), sorry (for or about)
- •Far, farther/farthest and further/furthest
- •Much, more, most
- •Somehow,anyhow
- •Somehow,anyhow
- •Away, everywhere, here, nowhere, somewhere, there etc.
- •Always, continually, frequently,occasionally,often, once,twice,periodically,repeatedly, sometimes, usuallyetc.
- •D never, ever
- •Fairly and rather
- •Hardly, scarcely, barely
- •5 All, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any, no, none
- •Neither, either
- •Neither . . . Nor, either ... Or
- •51 Someone, somebody, something,anyone, anybody,anything,no one, nobody,nothing
- •Someone/somebody/something,anyone/anybody/anything,noone/nobody/nothing, everyone/everybody/everything and the adverbs somewhere, anywhere, nowhere,everywhere can be followed by else:
- •One . . . Another/other (s), some . . . Other (s)
- •One another and each other
- •Who,whom
- •Which,what
- •Use of they/them/theirwith neither/either, someone/everyone/no one etc.
- •A These are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
- •Defining relative clauses
- •Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses The forms are as follows:
- •85 Whoever, whichever, whatever,whenever, wherever, however
- •Whoever,whichever, whatever,whenever, wherever, however
- •By, before
- •On time,intime,ingoodtime
- •On arrival,onarriving,onreaching,ongettingto
- •At the beginning/end, in the beginning/end, at first/at last
- •91 Time: from, since, for, during a from, since and for
- •B during and for
- •To and till/until
- •At, in; in, into; on, onto
- •In and into
- •On and onto
- •Above, over, under, below,beneath etc.
- •D beside, between,behind,in front of, opposite
- •The most important of these are above, about, across,along,before, behind,below, besides, by, down, in, near, off, on, over, past, round, since, through, under, up:
- •Am,is, are,have,had,will and would
- •11 Be, have, do
- •There is/are, there was/wereetc.
- •Can/amable,could/wasableA can and beable
- •Have to
- •15 Must,have,willandshould
- •Interrogative
- •Ifandincase
- •Agree that . . . Expresses anopinion.
- •A assume, believe, consider, feel, know, suppose, understand
- •A can,do, may, must,shall,will:
- •С feel, hear, see and watch:
- •1 With appear, happen,pretend,seem
- •D advise,allow,permit,recommend Eitneeds/requires/wants
- •D With advise,allow,permit,recommend
- •Regret,remember, forget
- •Go on, stop,try,used(to)
- •A catch/find:
- •Go, come, spend, waste,be busy a goand come
- •Speak to etc.:
- •В will/would you* (please):
- •В will/would/could you? would youliketo?
- •С if I were you I should/would:
- •29 Care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish
- •294 Care and like
- •В wouldcare andwouldlike
- •By would enjoy:
- •297 Wouldrather/soonerandprefer/would prefer
- •Wish,want andwouldlike
- •В let him/them
- •С let there be
- •Must andneedn't
- •Must not
- •С needn't
- •Besides, however,nevertheless, otherwise,so,therefore, still,yet, though
- •For and because
- •As meaningwhen/whileorbecause/since
- •As, when,whileusedto meanalthough,but,seeingthat
- •337 Incase andlest a in case
- •Be goingto:
- •These papers
- •Child up)
Fairly and rather
A Both can mean 'moderately', but fairly is chiefly used with 'favourable adjectives and adverbs (bravely, good, nice, well etc.), while rather is chiefly used in this sense before 'unfavourable' adjectives and adverbs (bad, stupidly, ugly etc.):
Tom is fairly clever, but Peter is rather stupid.
I walk fairly fast but Ann walks rather slowly. Both can be used similarly with participles:
He was fairly relaxed; she was rather tense.
a fairly interesting film a rather boring book
The indefinite article, if required, precedes fairly but cancomebefore orafterrather:
a fairly light box a rather heavy box/rather a heavy box With adjectives/adverbs such as fast, slow, thin, thick, hot, cold etc., which are not in themselves either 'favourable' or 'unfavourable', the speaker can express approval by using fairly and disapproval by using
rather: This soup is fairly hot implies that the speaker likes hot soup, while This soup is rather hot implies that it is a little too hot for him.
rather can be used before alike, like, similar, different etc. and before comparatives. It then means 'a little' or 'slightly':
Siamese cats are rather like dogs in some ways.
The weather was rather worse than I had expected. rather a is possible with certain nouns: disappointment, disadvantage, nuisance, pity, shame and sometimes joke:
It's rather a nuisance (= a little inconvenient) that we can't park here.
It's rather a shame (= a little unfair) that he has to work on Sundays. fairly cannot be used in these ways.
rather can be used before certain 'favourable' adjectives/adverbs such as amusing, clever, good, pretty, well
but itsmeaningthenchanges; it becomesnearly equivalent to very, andtheideaofdisapprovalvanishes:She is
rather clever is nearly the same as She is very clever. rather used in this way is obviously much more complimentary than fairly. For example the expression It is a fairly good play would, if anything, discourage others from going to see it. But It is rather a good play is definitely a recommendation. Occasionally rather used in this way conveys the idea of surprise:
I suppose the house was filthy. ~ No, as a matter of fact it was rather clean.
rather can also be used before enjoy, like and sometimes before dislike, object and some similar verbs:
/ rather like the smell of petrol. He rather enjoys queueing. rather can be used in short answers to questions with the above verbs:
Do you like him? ~ Yes I do, rather.
rather + like/enjoy is often used to express a liking which is a surprise to others or to the speaker himself. But it can also be used to strengthen the verb: / rather like Tom implies more interest than / like Tom. (For would rather, see 297, 298.)
quite
This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.
It means 'completely' when it is used with a word or phrase which can express the idea of completeness (all right, certain, determined, empty, finished, full, ready, right, sure, wrong etc.) and when it is used with a very strong adjective/adverb such as amazing, extraordinary, horrible, perfect:
The bottle was quite empty. You 're quite wrong. It's quite extraordinary; I can't understand it at all.
When used with other adjectives/adverbs, quite hasaslightly
weakening effect, so that quite good isnormallylesscomplimentarythan good, quite used in thiswayhas approximately thesamemeaningas fairly but its strength canvaryverymuchaccording to thewayit is stressed:
quite good (weak quite, strong good) is very little less than 'good'.
quite good (equal stress) means 'moderately good'.
quite good (strongquite, weak good) ismuchlessthan'good'.Thelessquite isstressedthestrongerthe following adjective/adverb becomes.Themorequite is stressed the weaker itsadjective/adverbbecomes.Note thepositionofa/an:
quite a long walk quite an old castle