- •4 A/anand one
- •5 A little/a few and little/few
- •E a fear/fears,a hope/hopes,a suspicion/suspicions
- •H elder, eldest; older, oldest
- •Many and much
- •Sense: clever,foolish,idiotic*,intelligent,sensible,silly,stupid.
- •Due, due to, owing to, certain, sure, bound, confident
- •Afraid (of), ashamed (of), sorry (for or about)
- •Far, farther/farthest and further/furthest
- •Much, more, most
- •Somehow,anyhow
- •Somehow,anyhow
- •Away, everywhere, here, nowhere, somewhere, there etc.
- •Always, continually, frequently,occasionally,often, once,twice,periodically,repeatedly, sometimes, usuallyetc.
- •D never, ever
- •Fairly and rather
- •Hardly, scarcely, barely
- •5 All, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any, no, none
- •Neither, either
- •Neither . . . Nor, either ... Or
- •51 Someone, somebody, something,anyone, anybody,anything,no one, nobody,nothing
- •Someone/somebody/something,anyone/anybody/anything,noone/nobody/nothing, everyone/everybody/everything and the adverbs somewhere, anywhere, nowhere,everywhere can be followed by else:
- •One . . . Another/other (s), some . . . Other (s)
- •One another and each other
- •Who,whom
- •Which,what
- •Use of they/them/theirwith neither/either, someone/everyone/no one etc.
- •A These are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
- •Defining relative clauses
- •Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses The forms are as follows:
- •85 Whoever, whichever, whatever,whenever, wherever, however
- •Whoever,whichever, whatever,whenever, wherever, however
- •By, before
- •On time,intime,ingoodtime
- •On arrival,onarriving,onreaching,ongettingto
- •At the beginning/end, in the beginning/end, at first/at last
- •91 Time: from, since, for, during a from, since and for
- •B during and for
- •To and till/until
- •At, in; in, into; on, onto
- •In and into
- •On and onto
- •Above, over, under, below,beneath etc.
- •D beside, between,behind,in front of, opposite
- •The most important of these are above, about, across,along,before, behind,below, besides, by, down, in, near, off, on, over, past, round, since, through, under, up:
- •Am,is, are,have,had,will and would
- •11 Be, have, do
- •There is/are, there was/wereetc.
- •Can/amable,could/wasableA can and beable
- •Have to
- •15 Must,have,willandshould
- •Interrogative
- •Ifandincase
- •Agree that . . . Expresses anopinion.
- •A assume, believe, consider, feel, know, suppose, understand
- •A can,do, may, must,shall,will:
- •С feel, hear, see and watch:
- •1 With appear, happen,pretend,seem
- •D advise,allow,permit,recommend Eitneeds/requires/wants
- •D With advise,allow,permit,recommend
- •Regret,remember, forget
- •Go on, stop,try,used(to)
- •A catch/find:
- •Go, come, spend, waste,be busy a goand come
- •Speak to etc.:
- •В will/would you* (please):
- •В will/would/could you? would youliketo?
- •С if I were you I should/would:
- •29 Care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish
- •294 Care and like
- •В wouldcare andwouldlike
- •By would enjoy:
- •297 Wouldrather/soonerandprefer/would prefer
- •Wish,want andwouldlike
- •В let him/them
- •С let there be
- •Must andneedn't
- •Must not
- •С needn't
- •Besides, however,nevertheless, otherwise,so,therefore, still,yet, though
- •For and because
- •As meaningwhen/whileorbecause/since
- •As, when,whileusedto meanalthough,but,seeingthat
- •337 Incase andlest a in case
- •Be goingto:
- •These papers
- •Child up)
Neither, either
A 1 neither means'not one and not theother'.It takesanaffirmative
singularverb. It can be used by itselforfollowedby a noun or by of +the/these/those/possessivesor personal pronouns:
/ tried both keys but neither (of them) worked.
Neither of them knew the way/Neither boy knew . . .
I've read neither of these (books).
2 either means 'any one of two'. It takes a singular verb and, like neither, can be used by itself or followed by a noun/pronoun or by of + the/these/those etc.
3 either + negative verb can replace neither + affirmative except when neither is the subject of a verb. So
either couldnot be usedin (a) or (b) above but couldin (c):
/ haven't read either of these (books).
Though either cannot bethesubject of anegativeverb,it can be subject or object of anaffirmativeor interrogativeverb:
Either (of these) would do. Would you like either of these?
4 Pronouns and possessive adjectives with neither/either used of people should technically be he/him, she/her and his/her, but in
colloquial English the plural forms are generally used: Neither of them knows the way, do they? Neither of them had brought their passports.
Neither . . . Nor, either ... Or
neither . . .nor +affirmativeverbisanemphaticway ofcombiningtwonegatives:
Neither threats nor arguments had any effect on him.
They said the room was large and bright but it was neither large nor bright.
He neither wrote nor phoned.
either ... or + negative verb can replace neither . . . nor except when neither . . . nor is the subject of a verb, as in (a) above. So:
... but it wasn 't either large or bright and
He didn't either write or phone.
either ... or cannot bethesubject of anegativeverb but can bethesubject or object ofaffirmativeor interrogativeverbsand isused in thiswayto expressalternativesemphatically:
You can have either soup or fruit juice, (not both)
You must either go at once or wait till tomorrow. It's urgent, so could you either phone or telex?
(For either usedin additionsto remarks,see 112. Forneither/nor followedby inversion,see 45, 112.)
50 some, any, no and none (adjectives and pronouns)
A 1 some andany mean'acertain numberoramount'.They are usedwith orinsteadofpluraloruncountable nouns. (For some/any with singularnouns, see C below.)someisapossiblepluralform of a/an and one:
Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/some dates. some, any and none can be used with of + the/this/these/those/ possessives/personal pronouns:
Some of the staff can speak Japanese. Did any of your photos come out well?
2 some isused: Withaffirmativeverbs:
They bought some honey. In questions where the answer 'yes' is expected: Did some of you sleep on the floor? (I expect so.) In offers and requests: Would you like some wine?
Could you do some typing for me? (See also C.)
3 any is used: With negativeverbs:
/ haven't any matches.
With hardly, barely, scarcely (which are almost negatives):
7 have hardly any spare time. With without when without any . . . = with no . . . :
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/with no difficulty. With questions except the types noted above:
Have you got any money?
Did he catch any fish? After if/whether and in expressions of doubt:
If you need any more money, please let me know.
I don't think there is any petrol in the tank. (See also C.) B no (adjective) and none (pronoun)
no and none can be used withaffirmativeverbsto express anegative:
I have no apples. I had some last year but I have none this year. no + noun can be the subject of a sentence:
No work was done.
No letter(s) arrived. none as the subject is possible but not very usual:
We expected letters, but none came. none + of, however, is quite usual as subject:
None of the tourists wanted to climb the mountain.
some orany usedwith singular,countablenouns
some hereusually means'anunspecifiedorunknown':
Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. or other can be added to emphasize that the speaker isn't very interested:
He doesn 't believe in conventional medicine; he has some remedy or other of his own. any can mean 'practically every', 'no particular (one)': Any book about riding will tell you how to saddle a horse.
Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words.