- •4 A/anand one
- •5 A little/a few and little/few
- •E a fear/fears,a hope/hopes,a suspicion/suspicions
- •H elder, eldest; older, oldest
- •Many and much
- •Sense: clever,foolish,idiotic*,intelligent,sensible,silly,stupid.
- •Due, due to, owing to, certain, sure, bound, confident
- •Afraid (of), ashamed (of), sorry (for or about)
- •Far, farther/farthest and further/furthest
- •Much, more, most
- •Somehow,anyhow
- •Somehow,anyhow
- •Away, everywhere, here, nowhere, somewhere, there etc.
- •Always, continually, frequently,occasionally,often, once,twice,periodically,repeatedly, sometimes, usuallyetc.
- •D never, ever
- •Fairly and rather
- •Hardly, scarcely, barely
- •5 All, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any, no, none
- •Neither, either
- •Neither . . . Nor, either ... Or
- •51 Someone, somebody, something,anyone, anybody,anything,no one, nobody,nothing
- •Someone/somebody/something,anyone/anybody/anything,noone/nobody/nothing, everyone/everybody/everything and the adverbs somewhere, anywhere, nowhere,everywhere can be followed by else:
- •One . . . Another/other (s), some . . . Other (s)
- •One another and each other
- •Who,whom
- •Which,what
- •Use of they/them/theirwith neither/either, someone/everyone/no one etc.
- •A These are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
- •Defining relative clauses
- •Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses The forms are as follows:
- •85 Whoever, whichever, whatever,whenever, wherever, however
- •Whoever,whichever, whatever,whenever, wherever, however
- •By, before
- •On time,intime,ingoodtime
- •On arrival,onarriving,onreaching,ongettingto
- •At the beginning/end, in the beginning/end, at first/at last
- •91 Time: from, since, for, during a from, since and for
- •B during and for
- •To and till/until
- •At, in; in, into; on, onto
- •In and into
- •On and onto
- •Above, over, under, below,beneath etc.
- •D beside, between,behind,in front of, opposite
- •The most important of these are above, about, across,along,before, behind,below, besides, by, down, in, near, off, on, over, past, round, since, through, under, up:
- •Am,is, are,have,had,will and would
- •11 Be, have, do
- •There is/are, there was/wereetc.
- •Can/amable,could/wasableA can and beable
- •Have to
- •15 Must,have,willandshould
- •Interrogative
- •Ifandincase
- •Agree that . . . Expresses anopinion.
- •A assume, believe, consider, feel, know, suppose, understand
- •A can,do, may, must,shall,will:
- •С feel, hear, see and watch:
- •1 With appear, happen,pretend,seem
- •D advise,allow,permit,recommend Eitneeds/requires/wants
- •D With advise,allow,permit,recommend
- •Regret,remember, forget
- •Go on, stop,try,used(to)
- •A catch/find:
- •Go, come, spend, waste,be busy a goand come
- •Speak to etc.:
- •В will/would you* (please):
- •В will/would/could you? would youliketo?
- •С if I were you I should/would:
- •29 Care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish
- •294 Care and like
- •В wouldcare andwouldlike
- •By would enjoy:
- •297 Wouldrather/soonerandprefer/would prefer
- •Wish,want andwouldlike
- •В let him/them
- •С let there be
- •Must andneedn't
- •Must not
- •С needn't
- •Besides, however,nevertheless, otherwise,so,therefore, still,yet, though
- •For and because
- •As meaningwhen/whileorbecause/since
- •As, when,whileusedto meanalthough,but,seeingthat
- •337 Incase andlest a in case
- •Be goingto:
- •These papers
- •Child up)
Many and much
many (adjective)isused beforecountablenouns.much (adjective)isused beforeuncountablenouns:
He didn 't make many mistakes. We haven't much coffee. They have the same comparative and superlative forms more and most:
more mistakes/coffee most men/damage many, much, more, most can be used as pronouns:
He gets a lot of letters but she doesn 't get many. You have a lot of free time but I haven't much.
more and most can be used quite freely, and so can many and much, with negative verbs (see above examples). But many and much with affirmative or interrogative verbs have a restricted use.
many and much with affirmative verbs
many is possible when preceded (i.e. modified) by a good/a great. Both are possible when modified by
so/as/too.
/ made a good many friends there. He has had so many jobs that. . . She read as much as she could.
They drink too much (gin).
When not modified, many, as object or part of the object, is usually replaced by a lot/lots of (+ noun) or by a lot or lots (pronouns). much, as object or part of the object, is usually replaced by a great/good deal of (+ noun) or a great/good deal (pronouns):
/ saw a lot/lots of seabirds. I expect you saw a lot too.
He spends a lot/lots of/a great deal of money on his house. As subject or part of the subject, either many or a lot (of) etc. can be used, but much here is normally replaced by one of the other forms. much, however, is possible in formal English:
Much will depend on what the minister says. Compare negative and affirmative sentences: He hasn't won many races.
You 've won a lot/lots of races or You 've won a lot or
You 've won a great many (races). He didn't eat much fruit.
She ate a lot/lots of fruit/a great deal of fruit or
She ate a lot/a great deal.
many and much with interrogative verbs
Both can be used with how: How many times? How much?
In questions where how is not used, many is possible, but a lot (of)
etc. is better when an affirmativeanswer is expected:
Did you take a lot of photos? I expect you did.
much without how is possible but theotherformsare a littlemoreusual:
Did you have a lot of snow/much snow last year? (For much as an adverb, see 33.)
26 Adjectives+infinitives
A Someof themostuseful of these adjectives are given below, groupedroughlyaccording tomeaningor type.Someadjectives with severalmeaningsmayappear inmorethan one group. (For adjectives + prepositions, see 96.)
Starred adjectives can also beused with that-clauses.Sometimes that . . . should ismoreusual.(See 236.) In sectionsB-E,with theexceptionofB2,theconstructionsareintroducedby it. (Forintroductory it,see 67.) Ifit
+ be . . .is preceded by find/think/believe etc. that it is sometimes possible to omit that and the verb be:
He found that it was impossible to study at home =
He found it impossible to study at home.
B 1 it+ be +adjective(+of +object)+infinitiveisused chieflywith adjectivesconcerning: