- •2 Лист Типовые задачи
- •1 What are the basic elements of the relationships between a language and extralingusitic world?
- •5.. What are the main sources of translation ambiguity stemming from the sign-concept relationship?
- •6. What is language communication? What actors does it involve?
- •7. What is monolingual communication? What is bilingual communication? Give examples.
- •8. .Describe translation as a special kind of bilingual communication. Why is it called special?
- •9. What is peculiar about a language as a code? Which factors specify the meaning of a message?
- •10. What is context? Give definition of context? Give example?
- •11. What itterrelated components does translation include as an object of linguistic study?
- •12. Give Short Definition of translation?
- •13. What are the interacting elements in translation? What elements are deducible?
- •14. What interralated operations does one fulfil in the process of translation?
- •15. What three stages does one distinguish in translation?
- •16. What is the main idea of Komissarov s theory of ‘translation equivalence level’?
- •17. What is translation according to Retsker, Catford and Firth? Give definitions and examples
- •18. What is translation ranking? Give definitions and examples
- •19. What translation ranks do you know? Give definitions and examples
- •20. What relationship is there between the approaches to translation and types of translation?
- •21.What is translation equivalence? Define it.
- •29. What is it addition? Give definition and examples.
- •30. What is omission? Give examples of Russian – English translation.
- •31. What the basis factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents.
- •32. What is immediate context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?
- •Immediate Context
- •33) What is general context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?
- •34) What are the factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents of individual words and word combination?
- •35) What is the role of cultural background in finding proper translation equivalents?
- •36) What varieties are distinguished in translation?
- •37 Are translation approaches and devices similar in different translation varieties?
- •38.What are the principle differences between consecutive and simultaneous interpretation?
- •39.What are chuchotage and at sight interpretation?
- •40.Describe differences in working environments of a translator and interpreter?
- •41. What are the peculiarities of the English language system which are to be taken into account Russian- English translation?
37 Are translation approaches and devices similar in different translation varieties?
The comparison of translated varieties in different languages is quite clearly the prerogative of TS. However, it is essential that contrastive linguists pay attention to this type of this type of study. Failing to properly understand the nature of translated texts might lead them to attribute some difference between OL and TL to interference from OL when in fact the phenomenon may simply be a manifestation of a translation universal.
38.What are the principle differences between consecutive and simultaneous interpretation?
In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter waits for the speaker to finish a sentence or an idea, and then renders the speaker's words into the target language. Generally speaking, the more formal the setting, the longer the segments should be. Our interpreters are trained in special note-taking and memory techniques that enable them to render passages as long as 6-8 minutes faithfully and accurately.
Consecutive interpretation is best suited for situations involving a small number of people, or where a personal touch is required. Examples would be business meetings, press conferences, interviews, teleconferences, or any type of one-on-one exchange.
In simultaneous interpretation, the participants wear headphones, and the interpreter renders the speaker's words into the target language as he or she is speaking. Owing to the tremendous level of concentration required to perform this type of interpretation, simultaneous interpreters always work in teams of two. Usually, the interpreters work in a sound-proof booth that enables everyone involved to focus on their work without the distraction of hearing another language.
Because this mode of interpreting saves time, it is preferred for conferences and meetings in which a great deal of information has to be conveyed. The use of audio equipment also means that there is no limit to the number of people who can participate.
39.What are chuchotage and at sight interpretation?
Chuchotage, or whispered interpretation, is a mode that falls under the category of simultaneous interpretation. It is a form of simultaneous interpretation, that is done in a low voice, directly into the recipient’s ear. For this type of interpretation, the interpreter sits next to, or slightly behind, the recipient whilst whispering an interpretation of the original speech. This mode is usually only used when the use of technology is not possible due to the situation in which the interpretation is being conducted or in cases where there are only one or two recipients.
The interpreter is often forced to sit in an uncomfortable non-ergonomic position (leaning toward the recipient). They may also have difficulty concentrating in unfavorable or noisy conditions where there are distractions and people talking at the same time, while they try to adapt their posture and the tone of their voice so that they don’t bother the recipient or the other people around them that don’t need an interpretation.