33) What is general context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?

Context (from armor. contextus — "connection", "communication") — the finished fragment of written or oral speech (text) which general sense allows to specify value of the separate words entering it, offers, etc. The contextuality (conditionality a context) is a condition of the intelligent use of this or that concrete language unit in the speech (written or oral), taking into account its language environment and a situation of speech communication.

To speak, leaning on a context — means, to adhere to the level of abstraction which was established in conversation and to use concepts of the semantic field set in it. To lose a context in conversation — it to cease to understand that, on what the interlocutor leans, or to interpret his thought in other sense, than what the interlocutor, proceeding from the semantic field of concepts set in conversation means.

34) What are the factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents of individual words and word combination?

One of the main tasks of the translator consists in the fullest transfer of the contents of the original, and, as a rule, the actual community of the contents of the original and the translation is very considerable.

It is necessary to distinguish potentially achievable equivalence which is understood as the maximum community of the contents of two multilingual texts allowed by distinctions of languages on which these texts are created, and translation equivalence - the real semantic proximity of texts of the original and the translation reached by the translator in translation process. A limit of translation equivalence is the greatest possible (linguistic) extent of saving of the contents of the original when transfer, but in each separate translation the semantic proximity to the original in different degree and comes nearer different ways to the maximum.

35) What is the role of cultural background in finding proper translation equivalents?

It is necessary to distinguish full and partial, absolute and relative equivalents. The full equivalent is understood as such compliance which completely covers value of the unambiguous word.

Even multiple-valued words can be in certain cases submitted by full equivalents. For example, the English noun of lion is presented in Russian by the full equivalent covering both values of the English word: lion (predatory animal); secular lion. To a special word meaning of lions in plural too there corresponds the sight equivalent.

Partial equivalents constitute known danger to the translator: here it is easy to fall into a mistake because of mixture of different values of English words.

36) What varieties are distinguished in translation?

TYPES OF THE TRANSLATION

Translators work in various conditions. Genres, subject and, of course, language of the texts translated by them are very various. A transfer is made in an oral or written form

1.literary translation;

2.informative translation (special)

3.interpretation;

4.translation

5.consecutive interpretation;

6.simultaneous interpretation.

7.unidirectional interpretation;

8.bilingual translation.

9.machine translation;

10.traditional translation, i.e. the translation which is carried out by the person.