- •2 Лист Типовые задачи
- •1 What are the basic elements of the relationships between a language and extralingusitic world?
- •5.. What are the main sources of translation ambiguity stemming from the sign-concept relationship?
- •6. What is language communication? What actors does it involve?
- •7. What is monolingual communication? What is bilingual communication? Give examples.
- •8. .Describe translation as a special kind of bilingual communication. Why is it called special?
- •9. What is peculiar about a language as a code? Which factors specify the meaning of a message?
- •10. What is context? Give definition of context? Give example?
- •11. What itterrelated components does translation include as an object of linguistic study?
- •12. Give Short Definition of translation?
- •13. What are the interacting elements in translation? What elements are deducible?
- •14. What interralated operations does one fulfil in the process of translation?
- •15. What three stages does one distinguish in translation?
- •16. What is the main idea of Komissarov s theory of ‘translation equivalence level’?
- •17. What is translation according to Retsker, Catford and Firth? Give definitions and examples
- •18. What is translation ranking? Give definitions and examples
- •19. What translation ranks do you know? Give definitions and examples
- •20. What relationship is there between the approaches to translation and types of translation?
- •21.What is translation equivalence? Define it.
- •29. What is it addition? Give definition and examples.
- •30. What is omission? Give examples of Russian – English translation.
- •31. What the basis factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents.
- •32. What is immediate context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?
- •Immediate Context
- •33) What is general context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?
- •34) What are the factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents of individual words and word combination?
- •35) What is the role of cultural background in finding proper translation equivalents?
- •36) What varieties are distinguished in translation?
- •37 Are translation approaches and devices similar in different translation varieties?
- •38.What are the principle differences between consecutive and simultaneous interpretation?
- •39.What are chuchotage and at sight interpretation?
- •40.Describe differences in working environments of a translator and interpreter?
- •41. What are the peculiarities of the English language system which are to be taken into account Russian- English translation?
12. Give Short Definition of translation?
Translation - activities for interpreting the meaning of a text in one language (source language [FL]) and the creation of a new, equivalent text in another language
The term translation has two meanings:
1. The first translation is the process in which the text is created in one language, recreated in another language. As a psychological process, it examines the psychology and psycholinguistics.
2. Second, the transfer is called the result of this process, a new voice work, the new text, which arose in the target language. Translation theory just engaged in this text and its relation with the original original.
The purpose of the translation is as close as possible to introduce a man who does not know any language, with the specified text in that language.
The main requirement is that the translation - complete transfer of the original text. "
Translation - this integrative and intuitive process, during which the translator through multiple iterations of trying to find the best translation solution."
Descriptive theory is unable to anticipate all translation situation
In this case, I somehow always turns in the brain is the word "iteration" in terms of gradual approximation to the optimal variant.
And about the theory of translation: when I begin to talk about the "discourses", then take it as theorizing, which does little to solve practical problems of translation. If my memory serves me, in modern science and pseudo-scientific disciplines, the term "discourse
13. What are the interacting elements in translation? What elements are deducible?
14. What interralated operations does one fulfil in the process of translation?
The existing models of the translating process are, in fact, based on the situational (or referential) model and the semantic-transformational model. These models are supposed to explain the dynamic aspects of translation. In other words, it is presumed that the translator actually makes a mental travel from the original to some interlingual level of equivalence and then further on to the text of translation
15. What three stages does one distinguish in translation?
In the articulation of the stop, three phases can be distinguished:
Catch: The airway closes so that no air can escape (hence the name stop).
Hold or occlusion: The airway stays closed, causing a slight pressure difference to build up (hence the name occlusive).
Release or burst: The closure is opened. The released airflow produces a sudden impulse causing an audible sound, or burst (hence the name plosive).
In many languages, such as Malay and Vietnamese, word-final stops lack a release burst, even when followed by a vowel, or have a nasal release. See no audible release.
Nasal occlusives are somewhat similar. In the catch and hold, airflow continues through the nose; in the release, there is no burst, and final nasals are typically unreleased across most languages.
In affricates, the catch and hold are those of a stop, but the release is that of a fricative. That is, affricates are stop–fricative contours.