- •2 Лист Типовые задачи
- •1 What are the basic elements of the relationships between a language and extralingusitic world?
- •5.. What are the main sources of translation ambiguity stemming from the sign-concept relationship?
- •6. What is language communication? What actors does it involve?
- •7. What is monolingual communication? What is bilingual communication? Give examples.
- •8. .Describe translation as a special kind of bilingual communication. Why is it called special?
- •9. What is peculiar about a language as a code? Which factors specify the meaning of a message?
- •10. What is context? Give definition of context? Give example?
- •11. What itterrelated components does translation include as an object of linguistic study?
- •12. Give Short Definition of translation?
- •13. What are the interacting elements in translation? What elements are deducible?
- •14. What interralated operations does one fulfil in the process of translation?
- •15. What three stages does one distinguish in translation?
- •16. What is the main idea of Komissarov s theory of ‘translation equivalence level’?
- •17. What is translation according to Retsker, Catford and Firth? Give definitions and examples
- •18. What is translation ranking? Give definitions and examples
- •19. What translation ranks do you know? Give definitions and examples
- •20. What relationship is there between the approaches to translation and types of translation?
- •21.What is translation equivalence? Define it.
- •29. What is it addition? Give definition and examples.
- •30. What is omission? Give examples of Russian – English translation.
- •31. What the basis factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents.
- •32. What is immediate context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?
- •Immediate Context
- •33) What is general context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?
- •34) What are the factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents of individual words and word combination?
- •35) What is the role of cultural background in finding proper translation equivalents?
- •36) What varieties are distinguished in translation?
- •37 Are translation approaches and devices similar in different translation varieties?
- •38.What are the principle differences between consecutive and simultaneous interpretation?
- •39.What are chuchotage and at sight interpretation?
- •40.Describe differences in working environments of a translator and interpreter?
- •41. What are the peculiarities of the English language system which are to be taken into account Russian- English translation?
31. What the basis factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents.
The guiding principle of the modern theory of translation is the communicative approach to translation. Under this approach, translation is defined as "a kind of linguistic mediation in which to create the TL text, communicative equivalent to the original" [Commissars, 1990, s.44- 45]. In the process of communication is an exchange of statements. Any statement is constructed from linguistic units, each of which has its own significance and represents certain information. The content of the statements does not exist apart from the values of linguistic units, of which it is composed, although it is not completely reduced to the simple sum of these values. Besides the fact that linguistic units in the utterance together express functional-contextual aspects of its content, they contribute to the content and connotation, which is also included in the transmitted message. In different conditions of communication to the fore may make certain statements semantic elements, and then the choice of words becomes an important role in the content of the message. Translator does not deal with language systems and texts. The texts of grammatical and lexical factors are perceived in close connection and interaction. Thus, the function of the word and its specific value set in sentences or even in a wider context.However, speaking in different contexts, the word retains its semantic identity. The word is the smallest unit of language, capable of performing the function of the nominative and translated most of the operations associated with decoding and finding the best ways to nomination. The word is also a syntactically independent unit capable of performing communicative functions, to be a member of a proposal or offer. Therefore lexical translation issues repeatedly considered in such leading Russian scientists as LS Barkhudarov, VN, Komissarov, YI Retsker et al.
32. What is immediate context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?
Immediate Context
This includes the sentences that come immediately before and after the passage. Very often, the immediate context is the paragraph containing the passage.
Section Context
This is the next larger portion of context. It includes the paragraphs that come before and after the passage and make up the section of the book containing material related to the passage.
Book Context and Whole Bible Context
This includes the entire book in which the passage is found, and the general teachings of the Bible as a whole.
Parallel Passage Context
This includes passages from other books in the Bible which discuss the same events or ideas. For example, most of the events recorded in one gospel are also recorded in other gospels. Many of the events in 2 Samuel and 1 and 2 Kings are also recorded in 1 and 2 Chronicles. And doctrinal passages on the same topic are often found in two or more of the New Testament epistles.
Background Passage Context
Certain passages form the background for other passages. For example, the events in Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers supply the background for Moses' reminders and commands in Deuteronomy. Some of the historical books of the Old Testament (1 Kings through Nehemiah) form the background for the prophets (Isaiah through Malachi). And the book of Acts forms the background for most of Paul's epistles (Romans through Philemon).
Historical and Cultural Context
A wide variety of historical and cultural situations affected the people and events in the Bible. When we are aware of these situations, we have a much better chance of interpreting the passage correctly. They include such things as recent historical events, civil government, royal customs, economic practices, types of dwellings, modes of travel, marriage customs, farming procedures, metalworking capabilities, prevalent thought patterns, astronomical concepts, calendar systems, ways of expressing the time of day, clothing, etc.
Secular Literature Context
The vocabulary and types of word usage found in the general literature of the same period during which a biblical passage was written can shed light on such things as the various synonyms available to the biblical writer and the connotations of various words.
The serious Bible student will examine all the above types of context that are appropriate to the passage. However, it is the first type, immediate context, that is violated most often with the most serious consequences.