16. What is the main idea of Komissarov s theory of ‘translation equivalence level’?

The main idea-systematic exposition of modern linguistic theory of translation: the equivalence problem, genre and stylistic features, pragmatic translation, lexical and grammatical correspondences and other aspects of the translation process. "Theory of translation (linguistic aspects)" is designed for students of translation faculties and departments of foreign languages. The theory of translation is an important part obschefilologicheskoy training of future specialists and interpreters, foreign language teachers and linguists other specialties. She studied in close connection with the training courses in general linguistics, comparative stylistics, lexicology and grammar, based on the knowledge gained in the assimilation of these disciplines, and, in turn, contributes to the successful mastery of the material.

17. What is translation according to Retsker, Catford and Firth? Give definitions and examples

Y.I Retsker gave the following definition of the translation: "Translation - this is an exact reproduction of the original means of another language while preserving the unity of content and style. This is different from the translation and paraphrase, in which you can transfer the contents of a foreign script, omitting minor details and do not care about playing style. The unity of content and style is recreated in terms of a linguistic basis and therefore will have a new unity inherent in the language of translation "

Division and unification proposals in translation according to the Retsker: 1. For the Liberal Party to be treated as a serious organisation, there must be a great deal of money backing this remnant of a once powerful party, whose president is a director of 12 companies, some of them operating in British colonies. (Daily Worker)

2. Once more the two big parties of American capitalism have rulled off a very useful trick. They have kept the allegiance of American masses in their fold and have prevented the rise of a powerful third party. (Daily Worker)

J. Catford rightly believes that the central problem of translation theory is the concept of translation equivalence disclosure, to determine the degree of semantic proximity between the collocated statements in the original and in translation. According to him, the equivalence should be determined empirically by comparing the actual translations from their originals. Based on the provisions of the plan content units of a language as specific as their plan of expression, J.. Catford argues that the translation is not being transferred or reproduction of the original values of the units, but only the replacement values in the same language values in another language. According to J.Firth, in order to bridge languages in the process of translation, one must use the whole complex of linguistic and extralinguistic information rather than limit oneself to purely linguistic objects and structures. He states that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language. In this definition, the most important thing is equivalent textual material. Yet, it is still vague in terms of the type of equivalence. Culture is not taken into account.