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7. Read out "a Cognition Scale" developed on the basis of a cognitive personality theory and define your place in this scale:

1. I really enjoy a task that involves coming up with new solutions to problems.

2. I would prefer a task that is intellectual, difficult, and important to one that is somewhat important but does not require much thought.

3. I prefer just to let things happen rather than try to understand why they turned out that way.

4. The notion of thinking abstractly is not appealing to me.

5. I find it especially satisfying to complete an important task that required a lot of thinking and mental effort.

6. I like tasks that require little thought once I've learned them.

7. I prefer to think about small, daily projects to long-term ones.

8. I don't like to have the responsibilities of handling a situation that requires a lot of thinking.

9. I feel relief rather than satisfaction after completing a task that required a lot of mental effort.

10. I think best when those around me are very intelligent.

11. I prefer my life to be filled with puzzles that I must solve.

12. I would prefer complex to simple problems.

13. Simply knowing the answer rather than understanding the

reasons for the answer to a problem is fine with me.

8. Suggest your own ideas concerning the above given statements?

9. Read the text and explain why fathers smile less than mothers: Translating the Smile

Stettner, a psychologist at Wayne State University in Detroit, says smiling is a complicated and important form of self-expression, and he believes that improved knowledge of it could have practical implications.

Besides, it feels good, Stettner said at a symposium on his favourite subject at a meeting of the International Primatological Society. "It's like discovering a language system", he said. "I've become ensnared in working out the vocabulary of smiling". Stettner told the symposium that there are many different kinds of smile — 1, 814, 400, by his estimate. "That could be off by several hundred thousand", he added, not with a straight face.

He turned serious when explaining some of the practical applications of his work. "A lot of people are interested in smiles. People who study a foreign language, for example, ought to know what different smiles signify in different cultures. You learn a language but you don't learn the nonverbal language".

Most of what is known about smiling comes from studies of infants and their parents. Sidney Perloe of Haverford College in Pennsylvania tried to determine why fathers tend to smile less at the antics of babies than mothers do.

It had been thought that fathers had less reason than mothers to develop rapport with infants because fathers play a smaller role in nurturing the infant. But Perloe found that males are less likely to smile simply because they are more aware that they are being watched by other adults and may fear that smiling at babies might be unbecoming.

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