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11. Match the synonyms using your dictionary.

major

developments

to drop

to establish

to indicate

mankind

scholar

artificial

man-made

to oppose

to occupy

to mark

to explore

to help

events

to investigate

modern

aim

to conquer

up-to-date

throughout

to name

purpose

important

to call

humanity

primary

original

to resist

all over

scientist

to decrease

to assist

tongue

language

to set up

12. Translate into English.

1. Мова існує не сама по собі, а в людському суспільстві.

2. Мова існує у свідомості членів суспільства (мовної спільності), тому вона залежить від кожного з мовців.

3. Мова — найважливіший засіб спілкування людей, тобто засіб вираження і передачі думок і почуттів.

4. Мова — явище суспільне, вона виникає, розвивається, живе і функціонує в суспільстві.

5. Формою існування мови є мовлення.

13. Work in pairs. Do you think the following statements are true or false?

  1. English was already an important world language four hundred years ago.

  2. It is mainly because of the United States that English has become a world language.

  3. One person out of seven in the world speaks perfect English.

  4. There are few inflections in modern English.

  5. In English, many verbs can be used as nouns.

  6. English has borrowed words from many other languages.

  7. In the future, all other languages will probably die out.

14. Practice Quiz. “What is Language?”

1. Which of the following statements are true?

Humans are the only animals that communicate with each other.

Human language is 100% learned rather than biologically inherited.

Humans and all other large mammals use a symbolic communication system.

2. A language is ________________________

a broad term simply referring to human patterned verbal behavior in general

a set of specific rules for generating speech

another word for a dialect.

3. A dialect that mostly develops as a result of differences in class, ethnicity, gender, age, and/or particular social situations is referred to as a:

  1. social dialect

  1. regional dialect

  1. genderlect or ethnilect

4. Dialects develop:

  1. more often in small-scale societies with few people

  1. more often in large-scale societies with many people

  1. equally often in small-scale and large-scale societies

5. A pidgin is:

  1. a dialect like Black English in North America

  1. the mother tongue, or principle language, of a society

  1. a simplified makeshift language that develops to fulfill the communication needs of peoples who have no language in common

  1. a bird

6. When a pidgin language becomes the mother tongue of a population, linguists refer to it as a(n):

  1. Gullah

  1. creole

  1. Ebonics

7. When people speak different variants of a language in socially different situations, the phenomenon is referred to as:

  1. diglossia

  1. bilingualism

  1. neither of the above

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