LESSON 6

Модальные глаголы can, may, must, have to, needn’t и их эквиваленты. Местоимения, производные от some, any, no, every (повторение). Вопросительно-отрицательные предложения. Разделительны˝е вопросы. Абсолютная форма личных местоимений. Отличия в употребле˝нии притяжательной и абсолютной формы личных местоимений.

Text 1

Sports and Games

We are sure you are all interested in sport. Many of you certainly play such games as volleyball or football, basketball or tennis. People who play a game are players. Players form teams and play matches with other teams – their opponents.

Two players playing with each other are partners. Each team can lose or win. In a football match players try to score as many goals as they can.

Most matches take place in large stadiums.

Athletics is the most popular sport. People call it “the queen of all sports”. It comprises such kinds of sports as: running (for different distances), jumping (long and high jumps) and others.

From time to time international championships and races (horse-races, motor-races, cycle-races) take place. Representatives of various countries can win a gold, silver or bronze medal. Such great championships in sport are organized every four years and we call them Olympic Games. Only the best may take part in them.

There are so many kinds of sports, such as cycling, swimming, gymnastics, boxing, skating, skiing, rowing, yachting and many more in which you can take an active part or just be a devoted fan.

Text 2

Sports in Russia

Millions of people all over the world go in for sports. People in this country are sport-lovers, too. Many sports are popular in Russia, such as hockey, soccer, track-and field, weightlifting, tennis, basketball, volleyball, figure-skating, cross-country skiing, swimming, shooting and many others. Sporting activities are a part of daily life in Russia. Most Russians grow with outdoor winter sports and activities such as skiing and skating. In all parts of Russia fishing is extremely popular. All water sports are wide-spread, including swimming, diving, sailing, water skiing, canoeing. In all schools and institutes sport is a subject on the curriculum.

There are different sporting societies and clubs in Russia. Many of them take part in different international tournaments. A great number of our sportsmen participate in the Olympic Games. Russian athletes have won more medals than any other team in all Olympics since 1956.

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Text 3

Sports in Britain

The British are sports-loving nation. Cricket, soccer, rugby, tennis, squash, table-tennis, badminton, canoeing and snooker were all invented (были изобретены) in Britain. The first rules for such sports as boxing, golf, hockey, yachting and horse-racing also originated from Britain. The most popular sports that people take part in are yachting, angling, snooker and darts.

Cricket is very much the English game. A match can take five days – and still end in a draw.

Football began as a contest between neighbouring villages – with no limit to the number on each side, no fixed pitch and almost no rules. The football Association drew up the rules of the modern game in 1863 and in 1882 12 clubs joined together to form the first Football League. England won the World Cup in 1966.

The first rules for tennis were drawn up (разработаны) by the All-Eng- land Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club when it held its first tournament in the London suburb of Wimbledon in 1877. Wimbledon is still the world’s most famous tennis event.

There are a lot of sports and games which are popular both among youngsters and grown-ups. 25 million of grown up people take part in sports. Sport is on the programme of all state and private schools and institutes.

ORAL PRACTICE

Read the following dialogues. Pay special attention to the use of “must”, “mustn’t” and “needn’t”.

The Party

Henry: We are having a party at our house tomorrow, Mary. It begins at four o’clock. Will you come?

Mary: Thank you very much. I’d like to come but we have school in the afternoon. Must I come at four o’clock?

Henry: Oh no, you needn’t come at four, but you mustn’t be too late or all the best cakes will be eaten.

Mary: But I must go home first to put on another frock.

Henry: Oh, you needn’t do that. You will be late if you do. The frock you are wearing is very nice.

Mary: Oh yes, I must change my frock, but you needn’t worry, I shan’t be very late. I’ll be there by half past four.

***

Helen: Isn’t there anyone at home?

Jim: I’ll knock again, Helen. Everything is very quiet. I’m sure’ there’s no one at home.

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Helen: But that’s impossible. Pat and Tom invited us to lunch. Look through the window. Can you see anything?

Jim: Nothing at all.

Helen: Let’s try the back door.

Jim: Look! Everyone is in the garden. Pat: Hullo, Helen. Hullo, Jim.

Tom: Everybody wants to have lunch in the garden. It’s nice and warm out here.

Pat: Come and have something to drink.

Jim: Thanks, Pat. May I have a glass of orange juice, please?

Pat: Orange juice? There’s none left. You can have some lemonade. Jim: Lemonade!

Tom: Don’t believe her, Jim. She’s only joking. Have some orange juice.

***

Susan: Can’t you come in and have tea now, Peter? Peter: Not yet. I must water the garden first. Susan: Do you have to water it now?

Peter: I’m afraid I do. Look at it. It’s terribly dry. Last summer it was very dry, too. Don’t you remember? I had to water it every day.

Susan: Well, I’ll have tea by myself.

Study the following. Pay special attention to the use of “must”, “have to”, “needn’t”.

1. Must you go now? Yes, I have to leave immediately. 2. Must you get up early tomorrow morning?Yes, I shall have to get up at six o’clock.

3. Did you have to take a taxi? I’m afraid I did. There was no bus. 4 . Hasn’t your friend arrived yet? How long have you had to wait? I have had to wait for two hours.

5.Must you water the garden? No, I needn’t water it now. It’ll rain soon.

6.Do we have to walk to the station? No, we needn’t. We can catch a bus.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Complete the disjunctive questions. Give short answers.

1. He speaks English well, ... ? 2. The book is interesting, ... ? 3. He knows her address, ... ? 4. They are at the office,... ? 5. She doesn’t know this man, ... ? 6. They are not in town, ... ? 7. We didn’t play tennis, ... ? 8. He is a very clever man,... ?

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Exercise 2. Put all possible types of questions: general, alternative, disjunctive, special, questions to the subject. Answer these questions.

1. The teacher explains the rule. 2. They go to the cinema every week. 3. I have an interesting book.

Exercise 3. Complete the answers to the questions according to the model; use the absolute form of possessive pronouns.

Model: Whose bag is it? – It may be my bag… Oh, yes, it’s mine. Whose books are these? – They may be her books… Oh, yes, they’re

hers.

1. Whose dictionary is that? – It may be his dictionary … 2. Whose shoes are these? – They may be our shoes… 3. Whose coat is this? – It may be Mary’s coat… 4. Whose car is this? – It may be their car… 5. Whose money is that? – It may be their money... 6. Whose pens are those? – They may be our pens… 7. Whose hat is that? – It may be her hat… 8. Whose tie is this?

– It may be Bill’s tie…

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into Russian.

À) 1. Mike can run very fast. 2. They can understand French. 3. Kate can speak English well. 4. My brother can come and help you in the garden. 5. Can you speak Spanish? 6. Can your brother help me with mathematics? 7. His little sister can walk already. 8. The children cannot carry this box: it is too heavy. 9. My friend cannot come in time. 10. This old woman cannot sleep at night. 11. His sister can cook very well. 12. I can sing, but I cannot dance.

Â)

à)

-Ты можешь купить этот журнал?

-Нет, не могу. У меня нет денег.

-Я могу дать тебе немного (some).

-Спасибо. Но могу ли я брать деньги у тебя?

-О, да. Разве мы не хорошие друзья? Тебе следует принять мою п˝омощь. Ты должен взять эти деньги.

b)

-Который час? Должно быть (уже) довольно поздно.

-Двадцать пять минут третьего. Уже очень поздно. Мы должны пойти поесть.

-Можем ли мы пообедать дома?

-Íåò.

-Почему?

-Дома нет никакой еды.

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-Не может быть! (Impossible!) Что-нибудь должно быть. Всегда что-нибудь есть.

-Да. Обычно что-нибудь есть. Но боюсь на этот раз ничего нет.

-Тогда мы должны идти в кафе (на этот раз).

-Боюсь, что да (должны).

c)

-Можем ли мы (имеем ли мы возможность) пойти в кино?

-К сожалению, я не могу.

-Почему ты не можешь?

-У меня нет времени.

-Что ты делаешь сейчас?

-Я делаю домашнюю работу.

-Но ты должен немного отдохнуть. Ты не должен так много работать.

-Я думаю, что ты прав.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences into English, using modal verb “ñàn” (“ñîuld”).

1. Я умею говорить по-английски. 2. Мой папа не умеет говорить ˝понемецки. 3. Ты умеешь говорить по-французски? 4. Моя сестра не ˝умеет кататься на коньках. 5. Ты можешь переплыть эту реку? 6. Я не мо˝гу выпить это молоко. 7. Она не может вас понять. 8. Ты умел плават˝ь в прошлом году? 9. В прошлом году я не умел кататься на лыжах, а ˝сейчас умею. 10. Вы не можете мне сказать, как доехать до вокзала? 11. Не˝ могли ли бы вы мне помочь? 12. Я не могу перевести это предложение. 13. ˝Никто не мог мне помочь. 14. Где тут можно купить хлеб? 15. Твоя бабушка˝ умела танцевать, когда была молодая? – Да, она и сейчас умее˝т.

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into English, using “to be able to”.

1. Ты сможешь сделать эту работу завтра? 2. Я думаю, она не суме˝ет решить эту задачу. 3. Завтра я буду свободен и смогу помочь т˝ебе. 4. Мы сможем поехать в Нью-Йорк в будущем году? 5. Ты сможешь почин˝ить мои магнитофон?

6. Вчера я не смог повидать директора, так как он был на конфе˝ренции, но сегодня после работы я смогу это сделать.

Exercise 7. Change these sentences adding the words or phrases in brackets. Use “to be able to” instead of “can (could)” where necessary.

1. I can give you my book for a couple of days (after I have read it). 2. He can ski (for ten years). 3. We knew that she could swim (since a child). 4. You cannot take part in this serious sport competition (until you have mastered good skills). 5. I could not solve the problem (before he explained

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it to me). 6. They can (never) appreciate your kindness. 7. I was sure you could translate that article (after you had translated so many texts on physics). 8. You can go to the country (when you have passed your last examination). 9. We can pass to the next exercise (when we have done this one).

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. May I go to the post-office with Mike? 2. May I take Pete’s bag? 3. Don’t give the vase to the child: he may break it. 4. May we take notes with a pencil? 5. You may not cross the street when the light is red. 6. May I shut the door? 7. May I invite Nick to our house? 8. You may go now. 9. If you have done your homework, you may go for a walk. 10. Don’t go to the wood alone: you may lose your way. 11. It stopped raining, and mother told us that we might go out. 12. May children play with scissors?

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences into English, using the modal verb “may” or its equivalent “to be allowed to”.

A.1. Можно мне войти? 2. Можно я пойду гулять? 3. Если твоя работа готова, можешь идти домой. 4. Учитель сказал, что мы мо˝жем идти домой. 5. Доктор говорит, что я уже могу купаться. 6. Папа сказа˝л, что мы можем идти в кино одни. 7. Я думал, что мне можно смотреть теле˝визор.

8.Если ты не наденешь пальто, ты можешь заболеть. 9. Не уходи и˝з дома: мама может скоро прийти, а у нее нет ключа. 10. Будь осторожен:˝ ты можешь упасть. 11. Не трогай собаку: она может укусить тебя. 12. М˝ы, может быть, поедем за город в воскресенье. 13. Он может забыть˝ об этом.

14.Скоро может пойти дождь.

B.1. Мне разрешают пользоваться папиным магнитофоном. 2. Дети уже большие. Им разрешают ходить в школу одним. 3. Ему не разр˝ешают купаться в этой реке. 4. Вчера ей позволили прийти домой в де˝сять часов.

5.Нам не позволяют разговаривать на уроках. 6. Тебе позволил˝и взять эту книгу? 7. Я думаю, мне не разрешат поехать с тобой за город. 8. Те˝бе разрешат пойти гулять, когда ты сделаешь уроки. 9. Тебе разр˝ешали ходить на озеро, когда ты был маленький? 10. Когда мне разрешат есть м˝ороженое?

Exercise 10. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs “may” or “can”.

1. I ... finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more. 2. ... we come and see you next Sunday at three o’clock in the afternoon? 3. What time is it? – It ... be about six o’clock, but I am not sure. 4. Only a person who knows the language very well ... answer such a question. 5. ... I come in? 6. Let me look at your exercises. I... be able to help you. 7. I ... not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I ... stay in for fifteen minutes if

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I like, so I am going to learn to swim. 8. Libraries are quite free, and any one who likes ... get books there. 9. I ... come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 10. Take your raincoat with you: it ... rain today. 11. Do you think you

... do that?

Exercise 11. Translate:

1. You must work hard at your English. 2. You must learn the words. 3. Must we learn the poem today? 4. It must be very difficult to learn Chinese. 5. You must not talk at the lessons. 6. Everybody must come to school in time. 7. Don’t ring him up: he must be very busy. 8. You must not make notes in the books. 9. I must help my mother today.

Exercise 12. Translate the sentences into English, using the modal verb “must”.

1. Я должна упорно работать над своим английским. 2. Вы должны˝ внимательно слушать учителя на уроке. 3. Ты должен делать ур˝оки каждый день. 4. Вы не должны забывать о своих обязанностях. 5. Вы долж˝ны быть осторожны на улице. 6. Она должна быть дома сейчас. 7. Мои˝ друзья, должно быть, в парке. 8. Вы, должно быть, очень голодны. 9. Должно˝ быть, очень трудно решать такие задачи. 10. Я должен сегодня п˝овидать моего друга.

Exercise 13. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs “may” or “can”.

1. You ... come in when you have taken off your boots. 2. Be careful: you

... spill the milk if you carry it like that. 3. Most children ... slip on the ice very well. 4. I don’t think I ... be here by eleven o’clock tomorrow, but I ...

be. 5. ... you see anything in this inky darkness? 6. You ... go when you have finished your compositions. 7. What will we do if the train is late? It... be late, you know, after the terrible snowstorms we’ve had. 8. When ... you come and see me? – Let me see: I ... not come tomorrow, for I must be at the meeting, but on Sunday I’ll find time. Yes, you ... expect me on Sunday about three o’clock. Will that be all right?

Exercise 14. Translate these questions into English and answer them in writing.

1.Что вы должны сделать сегодня?

2.Что вам придется сделать завтра?

3.Что вам пришлось сделать вчера?

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Exercise 15. Translate the sentences into English, using the modal verbs “must”, “màó” or “ñàn”.

1. Он сейчас должен быть в своем кабинете. Вы можете поговор˝ить с ним. 2. Можно войти? – Пожалуйста. 3. Вы должны прочитать этот т˝екст. 4. Может ли он выполнить это задание? 5. Можно мне взять вашу к˝нигу?

6.На уроке английского языка вы должны говорить только по-а˝нглийски.

7.Мы должны сегодня сдать тетради? 8. Можно мне задать вам воп˝рос? – Пожалуйста. 9. Я не могу пойти с вами в кино, так как я очень за˝нят.

10.Можно здесь курить? – Пожалуйста.

Exercise 16. Use “must not” or “need not” to fill the spaces in the following sentences. (Use “mustn’t” when the meaning is it is not allowed and suggests a command. Use “needn’t” when the meaning is it is not necessary.)

1. You ... ring the bell, I have a key. 2. You ... drink this: it is poison. 3. We ... drive fast; we have plenty of time. 4. You ... drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 5. Students ... bring books into the examination room. 6. You ...

write to him; he will be here tomorrow. 7. You ... make any noise or you’ll wake the baby. 8. You .... bring an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain. 9. You ...

do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. 10. Mother to child: “You

... tell lies.” 11. You ... turn on the light; I can see quite well. 12. You ...

strike a match; the room is full of gas. 13. We ... make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now. 14. You ... put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him. 15. You ... clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow. 16. Mother to child: “You ... play with matches.” 17. I ... go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house. 18. You ... smoke in a nonsmoking compartment. 19. I’ll lend you the money and you ... pay me back till next month. 20. We ... climb any higher; we can see very well from here. 21. You’ve given me too much. You … eat it all. 22. Mother to child: “You … interrupt when I’m speaking”. 23. If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 100; you … say anything.

Exercise 17. Put in the right form of the adjective.

1.Oil is (light) than water. 2. We will wait for a (dry) day to go on the excursion. 3. A bus is (fast) than a tram. 4. Take some of these sweets: they are very (nice). They are (nice) than the sweets in that box. 5. He clearly did not like the explanation, and as he listened to it, he became (angry) and (angry). 6. He worked (hard) and (hard) as the end of the term came nearer.

7.The (tall) trees in the world grow in California.

8.Please be (careful) next time and don’t spill the milk again. 9. Bobby was a (quiet) child. He was (quiet) than his sister. 10. Her eyes are (grey)

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than mine. 11. He was the (fat) man in the village. 12. As he went on, the box became (heavy) and (heavy). 13. My sister is the (tall) girl in her class. 14. Who is the (attentive) student in your group? 15. It is autumn. Every day the air becomes (cold), the leaves (yellow). 16. This is the (beautiful) view I have ever seen (я когда-либо видел) in my life. 17. Your handwriting is now (good) than it was last year; but still it is not so (good) as Nick’s handwriting. Nick has a (good) handwriting than you. And of course Nellie has the (good) handwriting of all.

Exercise 18. Open the brackets.

1. – Whose pen is this? – It’s (our, ours). 2. Is it (your, yours) car or (her, hers)? – It’s (my, mine). 3. Where is (you, your) book? 4. Is Bob a friend of (her, hers)? 5. (Our, ours) town is rather new. 6. Do you help ( your, yours) brother to do his homework?

Exercise 19. Translate:

1. Isn’t it nice to come home after a hard working day? 2. Doesn’t he study well? 3. Don’t you like English? 4. Aren’t there a lot of shops near your house? 4. Aren’t you happy now? 5. Wasn’t it pleasant to meet your penfriend?

ADDITIONAL READING

Why Do People Get Married?

During childhood you take love, care, and friendship from your parents. You are supported and pampered by those who love you. You are happy and pleased. You are offered love, possibilities in education and personal development in every respect, e.g sport or arts. Later you look for real friendship and true love. You simply fall in love and want to make the other person happy too. And so you marry and take on the responsibilities of married life. In this new life you learn to take care of your partner, and you expect to have a family and bring up your children in the way you know to be right. As parents, you wish to provide them with everything you know a child needs, namely love, protection, safety and understanding. By rearing children and being a good partner you yourself feel needed and loved. The self-realisation in marriage and parenthood is the key to happiness, although it is still associated with effort, sacrifice and hard work.

If the decision to get married does not result from an unpleasant domestic situation, e.g. escape from unhappy home, revolt against over protective parents, and a desire for freedom etc., you have a great chance to succeed in marriage. But you should be responsible and reasonable, and offer your love and joy of life to your own children. They always look for your presence, sincere smile and your love and care.

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Generation Gap

There has always been a generation gap. Elderly people usually compare their childhood and youth with the present, and regard the old times as better, always talking about “The good old days”. The young, on the other hand, tend to think their times are the best.

Young people look at the world with fresh eyes. Everything is new, interesting and innocent for them. They have no responsibilities and sometimes they cannot solve their everyday problems. Possibly, their irresponsibility and inability to act independently stems from the attitude of the elderly who tend to be absolute dictators. They choose clothes, books, films, and friends for their children thus making them, dependent and clumsy.

Elderly people claim that the young are better educated today, but they forget about all the years of work under constant pressure of competition and fear of examinations. Adults complain about the appearance of the young, scruffy clothes, and long hair that gives the appearance of never having been combed, and a complete lack of elegance so important for success in life.

Young people should realize that the older generation can understand the young persons’ desire to be different, but this should always be tempered with the possibility to dress conventionally and elegantly, when the occasion calls for it.

Sometimes children and their parents do not cooperate together. They do not talk to each other, do not share their problems, do not communicate their expectations and feelings, which is one of the basic causes of conflicts in families. Children often suffer fears resulting from ignorance and the inability to understand the world and themselves. If adults do not help, the children feel lost. Elderly people usually live in the past. Their wish is to live long, peacefully and healthily. They are also sometimes anxiety-ridden, tired, and worried. Adults are often bored, disillusioned and frustrated due to work, family life or some other reasons. Teenagers look for their own identity and life-goals. They are busy with themselves. Thus the generation gap becomes wider and wider.

Adults are expected to be more tolerant, understanding and interested in the life of the young. They should help the young in finding the proper way to become responsible and mature human beings in the future. The young, on the other hand, should also look for a compromise in everyday conflicts with the adults. If both generations cooperate, living together will be easier and more pleasant.

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