- •Immune system
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Immune system
- •Immunity
- •Overview
- •Lesson 44
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of “one”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Overview
- •Lesson 45
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Infinitive and its forms
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Continuous| виражає тривалу дію, що відбувається одночасно з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком:
- •Інфінітив у формі|у формі| Perfect| виражає|виказує,висловлює| дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком:
- •Subjective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Endocrine system
- •Ex. 16. Translate the text “Endocrine System” into Ukrainian.
- •Endocrine glands
- •Functions of hormones
- •Ex. 34. Speak on the some endocrine glands using obtained data. You may use the following expressions:
- •Thyroid gland
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar:
- •Objective infinitive construction
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Insulin injection
- •Medication
- •Overview
- •Unit 4 lesson 49 nervous system
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Nervous system
- •Various forms of nerve cells.
- •Spinal cord
- •Overview
- •Lesson 50
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ex. 20. Read the following abstract and write down all unknown medical terms. Translate them with the aid of dictionary. Tell about the hypothalamic functions: hypothalamus
- •Human brain and its functions
- •What is wonderful about the brain?
- •Overview
- •Lesson 51
- •Vocabulary
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Disorders of nervous system
- •Infections
- •Ex. 8. Read and memorize the following words:
- •Degenerative disorders
- •Ex. 16. Write the summary of the text "Degenerative Disorders" overview
- •Lesson 52
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Adverbs
- •Reading and developing speaking skills Ex. 4. Read the vocabulary and memorize new words. Ex. 5. Insert the missing letters, read the following words and translate them:
- •Accessory structures
- •Eye placement
- •Overview
- •Lesson 53
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Noun as attribute
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Ear disorders
- •Communicating with a hearing-impaired person
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •What is your skin type
- •Ex. 22. Read and translate the following text: skin disorders
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Objective participle construction
- •The Objective Participle Construction перекладається підрядним реченням зі сполучником “як”: I saw them walking along the street.Я бачив, як вони йшли по вулиці.
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Urinary system
- •Ex. 20. Make up a dialogue on the urinary system.
- •Functions of urinary system
- •Fluid excretion
- •Kidneys
- •Ex. 26. Describe the structure of kidney using the following figure:
- •Ex. 27 Describe kidneys’ functions. The following expressions may be helpful:
- •Ex. 28. Write the summary of the text "Kidneys".
- •Overview
- •Lesson 57
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Functions of the verb “to have”
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Kidneys disorders
- •Kidney stones
- •Ex. 23. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied:
- •Kidney transplantation
- •Overview
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar:
- •Ing- form of the verb:
- •Reading and developing speaking skills
- •Pregnancy
- •Food and nutrition during pregnancy
- •Development of the organ systems
- •Signs of pregnancy
- •Vocabulary
- •Word-building
- •Grammar: simple tenses (revision)
- •Reading and developing skills
- •Death; embryo; adolescent; occur; amount; achieve; subsequent; myelin sheath; push; raise; grasp; listen; quietly; laugh; loud.
- •First year after birth
- •Development during the preschool years
- •School years
Kidneys
The kidneys are complex organs that have numerous biological roles. Their primary role is to maintain the homeostatic balances of bodily fluids and secreting metabolites (such as urea) and minerals from the blood and excreting them, along with water, as urine. The kidneys are important regulators of blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and erythropoeisis (the process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced). The medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases of the kidney is called nephrology. The prefix nephro- meaning kidney is from the Ancient Greek word nephros; the adjective renal meaning related to the kidney is from Latin rēnēs, meaning kidneys.
In humans, the kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdomen. There is one on each side of the spine. The right kidney sits just below the liver, the left one is located below the diaphragm and adjacent to the spleen. Above each kidney an adrenal gland is. The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity caused by the liver results in the right kidney being slightly lower than the left one, while the left kidney is located slightly more medial.
The kidneys are approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3. The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the eleventh and twelfth ribs, and each whole kidney is surrounded by two layers of fat, which help to cushion it.
In a normal human adult, each kidney is about 10 cm long, 5.5 cm in width and about 3 cm thick, weighting 150 grams. Together, the kidneys weight about 0.5% of a person’s body weight.
The two kidneys together receive between 20% and 25% of the total cardiac output. Each kidney receives its blood supply from the renal artery, two of wich branch from the abdominal aorta. Upon entering the hilum of the kidney, the renal artery divides into smaller interlobar arteries situated between the renal papillae. At the outer medulla, the interlobar arteries branch into arcuate arteries, which course along the border between the renal medulla and cortex, giving off still smaller branches, the cortical radial arteries. Branching of these cortical arteries are the afferent arterioles supplying the glomerular capillaries, which drain into efferent arterioles. Efferent arterioles divide into peritubular cappilaries that provide an extensive blood supply to the cortex. Blood from these capillaries collects in renal venules and leaves the kidney via the renal vein. Efferent arterioles of glomeruli closest to the medulla send branches into the medulla, forming the vasa recta (intestinal artery). Blood supply is intimately linked to blood pressure.
Ex. 25. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the major role of the kidneys? 2. Are the kidneys important regulators of blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and erythropoeisis? 3. Why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left one? 4. How do the kidneys receive blood supply?
Ex. 26. Describe the structure of kidney using the following figure:
Parts of Kidney |
Parts of the kidney: 1. Renal pyramid; 2. Efferent vessel; 3. Renal artery; 4. Renal vein; 5. Renal hilum; 6. Renal pelvis; 7. Ureter; 8. Minor calyx; 9. Renal capsule; 10.Inferior renal capsule; 11.Superior renal capsule; 12.Afferent vessel; 13. Nephron; 14. Minor calyx; 15. Major calyx; 16. Renal papilla; 17. Renal column.
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