Reading and developing speaking skills
Ex. 5. Insert the missing letters:
Blemi_h; contami_ate; demen_ia; expo_ure; meni_x; persi_t; b_oster; swe_t; sp_t; ge_m.
Ex. 6. Translate the following words into Ukrainian:
Contaminate; exposure; persist; soaking; sweat; spot; blemish; germ; meninx; dementia; pandemic; worldwide; booster; opportunistic.
Ex. 7. Read the following words and word-combinations:
Acquired; immunodeficiency; deficient; fluid; blood; semen; vaginal secretions; breast; contaminated; intravenous; however; exposure; fatigue; chronic diarrhea; headache; cough; breath; tongue; microscopic germ; foreign organism; lymphocyte; spinal cord; peripheral nerves; pneumonia; cancer; fungal; cause; meningitis; encephalitis; cyst; tumor; dementia; scientist; antiviral; prevent; through; behavior.
AIDS Virus
Ex. 8. Read the following text:
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an immune deficient state caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS was first reported in 1981. HIV is transmitted from an infected to a noninfected person by transfer of body fluids (e.g., blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk) containing the virus. The major methods of transmission are sexual contact, contaminated needles used by intravenous drug users, and blood products.
Once infected with HIV, most people have no symptoms and no indication that they are infected. However infected individuals are able to transmit the virus to others. The signs and symptoms of AIDS are the following: persisted unexplained fatigue, soaking night sweats, shaking chill or fever lasting for several weeks, unexplained weight loss, swelling of lymph nodes which persists more than 3 months, chronic diarrhea, headaches, persistent dry cough and shortness of breath, white spots or unusual blemishes on the tongue or in the mouth, difficulties with speech, memory, concentration, or coordination.
If your immune system is healthy, white blood cells and antibodies help to fight against microscopic germs to keep you free from disease. When a foreign organism enters the body, it is attacked and destroyed. This response is coordinated by T-cell lymphocytes.
Most persons with AIDS develop pneumonia or a skin cancer. Approximately a third develops nervous system diseases, which include viral, fungal, or bacterial infections that cause meningitis (inflammation of the meninges), encephalitis, or myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord). Other diseases of nervous system that occur in association with AIDS include parasitic cysts in the brain, abnormal growth of lymphoid tumors in the nervous system, and progressive form of dementia.
AIDS is a worldwide pandemic. At the beginning of 1996, scientists determined that more than 20 million people worldwide were infected with HIV and that more than 4.5 million people had AIDS. The WHO estimated that by the year 2000, more than 40 million people worldwide had been HIV-positive.
There are three main types of medications for HIV and AIDS. They are antiviral drugs, immune system boosters, and medications to help prevent or treat opportunistic infections. But the effectiveness of standard treatments is limited by the state of immunodeficiency. Researches on treatment are very active and new medications are being tested. The best way to fight AIDS is through education, awareness, and avoiding behaviors that may transmit HIV. Learning the facts about HIV and AIDS is the best protection.
Ex. 9. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
Плямочка, ділянка ураження|ураження|; умовно-патогенний|патогенний|; грибковий; неоплазма, новоутворення, пухлина; реімунізація|, ревакцинація; заражати, інфікувати; контакт з|із| джерелом зараження; зберігати, утримувати, продовжувати; обізнаність, знання; потовиділення|випіт,потовідділення|; мікроорганізм; мозкова оболонка; недоумство|слабоумство|.
Ex. 10. Translate text “AIDS” into Ukrainian.
Ex. 11. Insert the missing words:
1. AIDS is an immune _ state caused by HIV. 2. HIV is transmitted by blood, semen, vaginal secretions, _ milk containing the virus. 3. The methods of transmission are sexual contact, contaminated needles used by _ drug users, and blood products. 4. Most people with AIDS have no _ and no indication that they are infected. 5. The symptoms of AIDS are the following: unexplained _, soaking night _, shaking chill or _, weight loss, swelling of lymph nodes, dry _, shortness of breath and others. 6. AIDS can _ to various nervous system diseases as meningitis, _, or myelitis. 7. Scientists estimated that more than 20 million people worldwide _ with HIV. 8. Researches on _ are very active, and new medications are being _.
Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:
1. What is AIDS? 2. How is HIV transmitted? 3. What are the signs and symptoms of AIDS? 4. What helps to fight against microscopic germs if the human immune system is healthy? 5. What diseases can AIDS lead to? 6. What are the medications for AIDS? 7. What is the best prevention of AIDS?
Ex. 13. List the symptoms of AIDS.
Ex. 14. Write out key words of the text “AIDS”.
Ex. 15. Speak on the causes and the signs of AIDS.
Ex. 16. Make up a plan of the text “AIDS”.
Ex. 17. Give a summary of the text “AIDS”.
Ex. 18. Make up the dialogue on the AIDS. You may begin some of your questions with the following phrases:
Could you tell me …
Do you happen to know…
Is it true that …
I know that …
I’d like to know if …
Would you explain why (how, where, what …)?
Ex. 19. Put the questions on the following text and answer them:
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS or Aids) is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The late stage of the condition leaves individuals prone to opportunistic infections and tumors. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus's progression, there is no known cure. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can come in the form of sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Most researchers believe that HIV originated in Africa during the twentieth century; it is now a pandemic, with an estimated 38.6 million people now living with the disease worldwide. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on June 5, 1981, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. In 2005 alone, AIDS claimed an estimated 2.4–3.3 million lives, of which more than 570,000 were children. A third of these deaths are occurring in sub-Saharan Africa, retarding economic growth and destroying human capital. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. HIV/AIDS stigma is more severe than that associated with other life-threatening conditions and extends beyond the disease itself.
Ex. 20. Skim through the text and say what it deals with:
HIV is transmitted in several ways, including sexual transmission, transmission through infected blood; it easily transmitted trough needles contaminated with infected blood and from infected mother to child. Each year, nearly 600,000 infants are infected with HIV, either during pregnancy or delivery or through breast feeding. The rate of mother-to-child transmission in resource-poor countries is as much as 40 percent higher than it is in the developed world. But if women receive treatment for HIV infection during pregnancy, the risk to their babies is significantly reduced. Combinations of HIV drugs may reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission even more.
WHO has been working with multiple partners to define and strengthen the normative guidance, policies and implementation of prevention, care and treatment of women and infants infected with HIV and AIDS.