382	A n t i b i o t i c E s s e n t i a l s
Table 6.17. Adult Immunizations (cont’d)
Vaccine	Indications	Dosage		Comments
Varicella	Non-immune adolescents	Primary: Two 0..5		Live attenuated vaccine..
(VZV)	and adults, especially	mL doses (SC), 4–8		Contraindications include
chickenpox	healthcare workers	weeks apart.. Vaccine		pregnancy, active untreated TB,
	and others likely to be	must be stored		immunocompromised host,
	exposed..	frozen and used		malignancy of bone marrow or
		within 30 minutes		lymphatic system, anaphylactic
		after thawing and		reaction to gelatin/neomycin, or
		reconstitution.. No		blood product recipient within
		routine booster..		previous 6 months (may prevent
				development of protective
				antibody).. Mild febrile illness in
				10%.. Injection site symptoms in
				25–30% (local rash in 3%).. Mild
				diffuse rash in 5%..

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS

Andrews WW, Kimberlin DF, Whitley R, Cliver S, Ramsey PS. . Valacyclovir therapy to reduce recurrent genital herpes in pregnant women.. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:774–81, 2006..

Antrum RM, Solomkin JS.. A review of antibiotic prophylaxis for open fractures.. Orthop Rev 16:246–54, 1987..

Baum SG. . Oseltamivir and the influenza alphabet. . Clin Infect Dis 43:445–6, 2006..

Brantley JS, Hicks L, Sra K, Tyring SK. . Valacyclovir for the treatment of genital herpes.. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 4:367–76, 2006..

Bryson DJ, Gulihar A, Aujla RS, Taylor GJ. . The hip fracture best practice tariff: early surgery and the implications for MRSA screening and antibiotic prophylaxis. . Eur J Orthop Surg Trauma 25:123-127, 2015..

Camann W, Tuomala R.. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: always before skin incision! Int J Obstet Anesth 20:1–2, 2011..

Caple J.. Varicella-Zoster Virus vaccine: a review of its use in the prevention of Herpes Zoster in older adults.. Drugs of Today 42:249–54, 2006..

Carratala J. . Role of antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infection. . Clin Microbiol Infect 7 (Suppl 4):83–90, 2001..

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.. Recommended adult immunization schedule for Adults 19 years or older—United States, 2012. . MMWR, 63(05):110–112, 2014..

Chen LH, Wilson ME, Schlagenhauf P.. Prevention of Malaria in Long-term Travelers.. JAMA 296:2234–44, 2006..

Chattopadhyay B.. Splenectomy pneumococcal vacci­nation and antibiotic prophylaxis. . Br J Hosp Med 41:172–4, 1989..

Clifford V, Daley A.. Antibiotic prophylaxis in obstetric and gynaecological procedures: a review.. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol.. 52:412-419, 2012..

Colizza S, Rossi S. . Antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment of surgical abdominal sepsis. . J Chemother 13:193–201, 2001..

Craig AS, Schaffner W. . Prevention of hepatitis A with the hepatitis A vaccine.. N Engl J Med 350:476–81, 2004..

		Chapter 6.  Prophylaxis and Immunizations		383
Cunha BA, Gossling HR, Nightingale CH, et al. . Penetra-			Gardner P, Peter G. . Recommended schedules for routine
tion of cefazolin and cefradine into bone in patients			immunization of children and adults. . Infect Dis Clin
undergoing total knee arthroplasty. . Infection 2:			North Am 15:1–8, 2001..
80–84, 1984..			Gardner P, Schaffner W. . Immunization of adults. . N Engl J
Cunha BA.. Antibiotic tissue penetration.. Bulletin of the New			Med 328:1252–8, 1993..
York Academy of Medicine 59:443–449, 1983..			Grabe M. . Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in urology. .
Cunha BA, Ristuccia A, Jonas M, et al. . Penetration of			Curr Opin Urol 11:81–5, 2001..
ceftizoxime and cefazolin into bile and gallbladder­			Guaschino S, De Santo D, De Seta F.. New perspectives in
wall. . Journal of		Antimicrobial Chemotherapy­ 10:	antibiotic prophylaxis for obstetric and gynecologi-
117–120, 1982..			cal surgery.. J Hosp Infect 50 (Suppl A):SS13–6, 2002..
Cunha BA, Pyrtek LJ, Quintiliani R. . Prophylactic antibio-			Haines SJ.. Antibiotic prophylaxis in neurosurgery.. The con-
tics in cholecystectomy.. Lancet 1:207–8, 1979..			trolled trials.. Neurosurg Clin N Am 3:355–8, 1992..
Cunha BA, Gossling HR, Nightingale C, et al. . Penetra-			Hartman BJ. . Selective aspects of infective endocarditis:
tion characteristics of cefazolin, cephalothin, and			considerations on diagnosis, risk factors, treatment and
cephradine into bone in patients undergoing total			prophylaxis.. Adv Cardiol 39:195–202, 2002..
hip replacement. . Journal of Bone and Surgery 59:			Hasin T, Davidovitch N, Cohen R, et al.. Postexposure­ Treat-
856–859, 1977..			ment with Doxycycline for the Prevention of Tick Borne
Darouiche RG. . Treatment of infections associated			Relapsing Fever.. N Engl J Med 355:147–55, 2006..
with surgical implants. . N Engl J Med 350:1422–9,			Hawn MT, Richman JS, Vick CC, et al.. Timing of surgical anti-
2004..			biotic prophylaxis and the risk of surgical site infection..
De Lall F. . Antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopedic prosthetic			JAMA 147:649-657, 2013..
surgery.. J Chemother 13 Spec No 1:48–53, 2001..			Higuchi Y, Takesue Y, Yamada Y, et al.. A single-dose regimen
De la Camara R. . Antifungal prophylaxis in haematology			for antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent perioperative
patients.. 12:S65–76, 2006..			infection in urological clean and clean-­contaminated
Diaz-Pedroche C, Lumbreras C, San Juan R, et al. .			surgery.. J Infect Chemother 17:219–223, 2011..
Valganciclovir­	preemptive therapy for the prevention		Hill DR, Ericsson CD, Pearson RD, Keystone JS, et al.. The Prac-
of cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk seropositive­			tice of Travel Medicine: Guidelines by the Infectious Dis-
solid-organ transplant recipients. . Transplantation 82:			eases Society of America.. Clin Infect Dis 43:1499–539,
30–5, 2006..			2006..
Dietrich ES, Bieser U, Frank U, et al.. Ceftriaxone versus other			Hornberger H, Robertus K.. Cost-Effectiveness of a Vaccine­
cephalosporins for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis:			To Prevent Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia in
a meta analysis of 43 randomized controlled trials.. Che-			Older Adults.. 145:317–25, 2006..
motherapy 48:49–56, 2002..			Howdieshell TF, Heffernan D, Dipiro JT. . Surgical Infection
Drew RH, Perfect JR. .Use of Polyenes for Prophylaxis­ for			Society Guidelines for Vaccination after Traumatic
Invasive Fungal Infections. . Infections in Medicine			Injury.. Surgical Infections 7:275–303, 2006..
23:S12–24, 2006..			Jackson LA, Neuzil KM, Yu O et al. . Effectiveness of pneu-
Esposito S.. Is single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis­ sufficient			mococcal polysaccharide vaccine in	older adults. .
for any surgical procedure? J Chemother 11:556, 2000..			N Engl J Med 348:1747–55, 2003..
Faix, RG. . Immunization during pregnancy. . Clin Obstet			Kambaroudis AG, Papadopoulos S, Christodoulidou M,
Gynecol 45:42–58, 2002..			et al.. Perioperative use of antibiotics in intra-abdominal
Fennessy BG, O’Sullivan MJ, Fulton GJ, et al. . Prospective			surgical infections. . Surg Infect (Larchmt) 11:535–544,
Study of Use of Perioperative Antimicrobial Therapy			2011..
in General Surgery. . Surgical Infections 7:355–60,			Khoury JA, Storch GA, Bohl DL, et al.. Prophylactic verus pre-
2006..			emptive oral valganciclovir for the management of
Fritze D, Englesbe MJ,		Campbell DA Jr. . Oral antibiotics	cytomegalovirus infection in adult renal transplant
to prevent surgical site infections following colon			recipients.. Am J Transplant 6:2134–43, 2006..
surgery.. Adv Surg 45:141–153, 2011..			Klein A, Miller KB, Sprague K, et al.. A randomized, double-
Fry DE.. Colon preparation and surgical site infection.. Am J			blind, placebo controlled trial of valacyclovir pro-
Surg 202:225–232, 2011..			phylaxis to prevent zoster recurrence	from months
Gardner P, Eickhoff T.. Immunization in adults in the 1990s..			4 to 24 after BMT. . Bone Marrow	Transplant, 26:
Curr Clin To Infect Dis 15:271–300, 1995..			1–6, 2010..

384

A n t i b i o t i c

E s s e n t i a l s

Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al. . International

Segreti J.. Is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary for preventing

concensus guidelines on the management cytomega-

prosthetic device infection. . Infect Dis Clin North Am

lovirus in solid organ transplanation. . Transplantation

13:871–7, 1999..

89:779–795, 2010

Seto TB. . The case for infectious endocarditis prophylaxis. .

Laftavi MR, Rostami R, Feng L, et al.. The role of antibiotic

Arch Intern Med 167:327–330, 2007..

prophylaxis in the new era of immunosuppression. .

Seymour

RA,

Whitworth JM

. . Antibiotic

prophylaxis

for

Transplant Proc 43:533–535, 2011..

endocarditis, prosthetic joints, and surgery. . Dent Clin

Lewis RT. . Oral versus systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in

North Am 46:635–51, 2002..

elective colon surgery: a randomized study and meta-

Small TN, Cowan MJ.. Immunization of hematopoietic stem

analysis send a message from the 1990s. . Can J Surg

cell transplant recipients against vaccinepreventable­

45:173–80, 2002..

diseases.. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 7:193–203, 2011..

Million M, et al.. Evolution from Acute Q Fever to Endocardi-

Snydman DR.. Cytomegalovirus prevention strategies: The

tis Is Associated with Underlying Valvulopathy and Age

case for prophylaxis.. Am J Transplant 9:1254, 2009..

Snydman DR.. Prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infec-

and Can Be Prevented by Prolonged Antibiotic Treat-

tion and

CMV

disease in recipients

of

solid

organ

ment.. Clin Infect Dis 57:836-844, 2013..

transplants: the case for

prophylaxis. . Clin Infect

Dis

Musher DM, Rueda-Jaimes AM, Graviss EA, Rodriguez-Bar-

40:709–12, 2005..

radas MC.. Effect of Pneumococcal Vaccination: A Com-

Sobel JD, Rex JH. . Invasive andidiasis: Turning risk into a

parison of Vaccination Rates in Patients with Bactermic

practical prevention policy? Clin Infect Dis 33: 187–190,

and Nonbacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia. . Clin

2001..

Infect Dis 43:1004–08, 2006..

Spira AM. . Yellow

Fever: An

Update

on

Risks, Presenta-

New York State Department

of Health AIDS

Institute. .

tion,

and

Prevention. .

Infections

in

Medicine

23:

HIV Prophylaxis following

occupational

exposure. .

385–89, 2006..

October 2012 http://www. .hivguidelines. .org/clinical-­

Syndman

DR. . Use of valganciclovir

for

prevention

and

guidelines/post-exposure-prophylaxis/hiv-prophylaxis-

treatment of cytomegalovirus disease. . Clin Infect Dis,

following-occupational-exposure/, 2012..

46:28–29, 2008..

Norton TD, Skeete F, Dubrovskaya Y, et al.. Orthopedic sur-

Taub DD, Ershler WB, Janowski M, et al.. Immunity from Small-

gical site infections: analysis of causative bacteria and

pox Vaccine Persists for Decades: A Longitudinal Study..

implications for antibiotic stewardship.. Am J Orthop 43:

Am J Med 121:1058–1064, 2008..

e89-92, 2014..

Vazquez M, LaRussa PS, Gershon AA, et al.. The effectiveness

Paul M, Yahav D, Fraser A, et al.. Empirical antibiotic mono-

of the varicella vaccine in clinical practice.. N Engl J Med

therapy for febrile neutropenia: systematic review and

344:955–60, 2001..

meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. J Antimi-

Victor JC, Mourfi

AS, Sundina TY,

et

al. . Hepatitis A

crob Chemother 57:176–89, 2006..

vaccine versus immune globulin for postexposure

Pham H, Geraci SA, Burton MJ.. Adult immunizations: update on

prophylaxis.. N Engl J Med 357:1685–1694, 2007..

recommendations.. Am J Med 124:698–201, 2011..

Wingard

JR. . Antifungal chemoprophylaxis after

blood

Phillips P, Chan K, Hogg R, et al.. Azithromycin prophylaxis

and

marrow

transplantation. .

Clin

Infect

Dis

34:

for Mycobacterium avium complex during the era of

1386–90, 2002..

highly active antiretroviral therapy: evaluation of a pro-

Winston DJ, Busuttil RW.. Randomized controlled trial of oral

vincial program.. Clin Infect Dis 34:371–8, 2002..

itraconazole solution versus intravenous/oral fluconazole

Pratesi C, Russo D, Dorigo W, et al.. Antibiotic prophylaxis in

for prevention

of fungal

infections

in

liver transplant

clean surgery: vascular surgery.. J Chemother 13 (Spec

recipients.. Transplantation 74:688–95, 2002..

1):123–8, 2001..

Wistrom J, Norrby R. . Antibiotic prophylaxis of travellers’

Rex JH, Sobel JD. . Prophylactic antifungal therapy in the

diarrhoea.. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 70:111–29, 1990..

intensive care unit.. Clin Infect Dis 32:1191–200, 2001..

Zelenitsky SA, Ariano RE, Harding GK, et al.. Antibiotic phar-

Rupprecht CE, Gibbons RV. . Prophylaxis against rabies. .

macodynamics in surgical prophylaxis: an association

N Engl J Med 351:2626–35, 2004..

between intraoperative antibiotic concentrations and

Salkind AR, Rao KC.. Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent surgi-

efficacy. . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46:3026–30,

cal site infections.. Am Fam Physician 83: 585-590, 2011..

2002..

Chapter 6.  Prophylaxis and Immunizations

385

GUIDELINES

CDC.. Prevention of Perinatal Group B streptococcal disease.. MMWR, 59:1–31, 2010..

Hauser CJ, Adams CA, Eachempati SR. . Prophylactic anti­ biotic use in open fractures: An evidence-based guideline.. Surgical Infections 7:379–405, 2006..

Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH.. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older – United States 2015. . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 64:91, 2015..

Medical Letter Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery.. Guidelines.. Medical Letter 7:47–50, 2009..

Strikas RA.. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedules for persons aged 0 through 18 years – United States, 2015.. Morbi­ dity and Mortality Weekly Report 64:93, 2015..

Williams WW, Lu P, O’Halloran AO, Bridges CB, et al. . Vaccination coverage among adults, excluding influenza vaccination – United States, 2013.. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63:95–102, 2015..

TEXTBOOKS

Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Surgical Site Infection Prevention in Adults (4th Ed), Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, October, 2010..

Brunette GW, Kozarsky PE, Magill AJ, et al.. CDC Health Information for International Travel 2010, Mosby Elsevier, 2010..

Brunette GW, Kozarsky P, Magill A. . The Yellow Book CDC Health Information for International Travel. . Oxford University Press, 2014..

Brusch JL, Endocarditis Essentials. . Jones & Bartlett, Sudbury, MA, 2011..

Gorbach SL, Bartlett JG.. Blacklow NR Infectious (eds).. Diseases (3rd Ed), Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2004..

Hawker J, Begg N, BlairI, et al.. Communicable Disease Control Handbook (2nd Ed), Malden, Massachusetts, Blackwell Publishing, 2005..

Heymann DL. . Control of Communicable Disease Manual (19th Ed), American Public Health Association, 2008..

Keystone JS, Kozarski PE, Freedman DO, et al.. Travel Medicine.. Mosby, Edinburgh, 2004..

Koff R.. Hepatitis Essentials.. Jones & Bartlett, Sudbury, MA, 2011..

Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Blaser MJ (eds).. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (8th Ed), Philadelphia, Elsevier, 2015..

Marrazzo JM, del Rio C, Holtgrave DR.. HIV Prevention in Clinical Settings. . Recommendations of the International Society USA Panel.. JAMA.. 312: 390-409, 2014..

Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA Vaccines (5th Ed), Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 2004..

Sax PE, Cohen CJ, Kuritzkes DR.. HIV Essentials (7th Ed), Jones & Bartlett, Sudbury, MA, 2014..

Yu VL, Merigan Jr, TC, Barriere SL.. Antimicrobial Therapy and Vaccines (2nd Ed), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 2005..

386	A n t i b i o t i c E s s e n t i a l s

Chapter 7
Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric
Drug Summaries
Leonard R. Krilov, MD
George H. McCracken, Jr, MD
Empiric Therapy of CNS Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	387. . . . . . . . . . .
Empiric Therapy of HEENT Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	391
Empiric Therapy of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	396
Empiric Therapy of Vascular Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	402. . . . . . . . .
Empiric Therapy of Gastrointestinal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	403
Empiric Therapy of Bone and Joint Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	407. . . . . . . . . .
Empiric Therapy of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	411
Common Pediatric Antimicrobial Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	414
References and Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	423
Treatment of Malaria in Children in the US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	726. . . . . . . .

This chapter pertains to infectious diseases and antimicrobial agents in the pediatric population.. It is organized by clinical syndrome, patient subset, and in some cases, specific organism.. Clinical summaries immediately follow each treatment grid.. Therapeutic recommendations are based on antimicrobial effectiveness, reliability, cost, safety, and resistance potential. . Antimicrobial­

agents and duration of therapy are listed in the treatment grids; corresponding drug dosages are provided on pages 414–422 and represent the usual dosages for normal renal and hepatic function.. Drug dosages in infants/children are generally based on weight, up to adult dosage as maximum. . For any treatment category, i.e., preferred IV therapy, alternate IV therapy, PO therapy recommended drugs are equally effective and not ranked by priority. Please refer to other pediatric drug references and the manufacturer’s package inserts for dosage adjustments, side effects, drug interactions, and other important prescribing information..

“IV-to-PO Switch” in the last column of the shaded title bar in each treatment grid indicates the clinical syndrome can be treated either by IV therapy alone or IV followed by PO therapy, but