Условные предложения

В английском языке существуют условные предложения 2 типов: реального и нереального условия.

В условных предложениях реального условияиспользуетсяизъявительное наклонение; условие относится к настоящему или будущему времени.

I тип:

V₁ will+V₁

e.g. If I write a poem, I’ll read it to you. – Если я напишу стихотво-

рение, я прочитаю его тебе.

В предложениях нереального условиявыделяют 2 случая:

II тип:

• маловероятное условие, которое относится к настоящему или будущему времени.

V₂ would + V₁

e.g.IfIwrote apoem,Iwould readittoyoutoday. – Еслибыя написал стихотворение, ябыпрочитал его тебесегодня.

III тип:

• нереальное, невыполнимое условие, которое относится к прошедшему времени.

had + V₃ would+have+V₃

e.g. If I had written a poem, I would have read it to you yesterday. –

Если бы я написал стихотворение, я бы прочитал его тебе

вчера..

Смешанный тип:

В предложениях такого типа условие, как правило, относится к прошедшему времени (3 тип), а результат этого действия к настоящему (2 тип).

e. g. If he had taken the medicine yesterday, he would feel much better today.

Если бы он принял вчералекарство, он бы чувствовал себя лучшесегодня.

Кроме союза if(если) в условных предложениях используютсясоюзы:provided(при условии),providingthat(при условии),onconditionthat(при условии что),incase(в случае если),unless(если не).

Во всех типах условных предложений возможна бессоюзная связьглавного предложения с придаточным, т.е. союзы опускаются. В этом случае предложение начинается со вспомогательного глагола:

e.g. If he had come earlier, he would have found the dean here. –

Если бы он пришёл раньше …

Had he come earlier, he would have found the dean here. –

Приди он раньше, он бы застал здесь декана.

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык.

A.1. a) If you study hard, you will pass your exams successfully. b) If you studied hard, you would pass your exams successfully. c) If you had studied hard, you would have passed your exams successfully. 2. a) We would invite him unless he left Moscow. b) We would have invited him unless he had left Moscow. 3. a) Providing she told me about it, I would believe her. b) Providing she had told me about it, I would have believed her. 4. a) If the plane left in time, it would arrive here in two hours. b) If the plane had left in time, it would have arrived here in two hours. c) If the plane leaves in time, it will arrive here in two hours.

B.1. a) If it were not so cold, we would walk. b) If it had not been so cold, we would have walked. 2. a) If he were in Moscow now, he would ring you up. b) If he had been in Moscow yesterday, he would have rung you up. 3. a) If I were you, I would go to the South during the winter holidays. b) If I had been you, I would have gone to the south during the wintrer holidays.

C. 1. a) If I had free time, I would devote it to reading. b) If I had had free time, I would have devoted it to reading. 2. a) Providing I had money, I would buy a computer. b) Providing I had had money, I would have bought a computer. 3. a) My report would be ready tomorrow provided I had all necessary materials. b) My report would have been ready yesterday provided I had had all necessary materials. 4. a) He would finish his project unless he were ill. b) He would have finished his project unless he had been ill.

D. 1. a) If I saw him, I could speak to him. b) If I had seen him, I could have spoken to him. 2. a) Provided he went there alone, he might not find the place. b) Provided he had gone there alone, he might not have found the place. 3. a) I might answer the letter if I knew her address. b) I might have answered her letter long ago if I had known her address. 4. a) Unless she fell ill, she could take part in this work. b) Unless she had fallen ill, she could have taken part in this work. c) Unless he attached importance to his words, he would not mention them in his talk.

Упражнение 2.Переведите на русский язык.

A.1. It is necessary that he be here. 2. It was proposed that the conference open at 10 o’clock. 3. It is important that you should answer his letter not later than tomorrow. 4. It is necessary that the building of a new hospital should be completed as soon as possible. 5. It is desirable that the students should speak English to each other. 6. It was demanded that we should meet at 5 o’clock. 7. It was recommended that the children should sleep out-of-doors. 8. It is unbelievable that they should have crossed the lake in such weather. 9. It is improbable that she should have said a thing like that. 10. It is doubtful that anything might change before you come back.

B.1. They suggested that the museum should be reconstructed this summer. 2. We proposed that the dean should give him a chance to take the exam once more. 3. The doctor insisted that I should stay in bed for a week more. 4. The chief engineer insisted that the work should be completed as soon as possible. 5. He ordered that we should bring the devices to the laboratory.

C. 1. Leave her a note so that she should know where to find us. 2. We hurried up so that we could catch the train. 3. They started earlier so that they might get to the place before darkness fell. 4. Write down my telephone number lest you should forget it. 5. Close the window lest we should catch cold.

D. 1. She looked at me as if she had never seen me before. 2. She looked as if she were angry with me. 3. He writes as if he had seen everything with his, own eyes. 4. They were speaking about her as if she were not present. 5. She spoke of the man as if she knew him very well.

E. 1. I wished she stayed with us. 2. I wish he had met them at the station. 3. I wish you could have bought the tickets beforehand. 4. I wish you would wait for me. 5. I wish he would tell me the truth.

Упражнение 3.Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя “Iwish.”

1. It’s a pity you are not with us these days. 2. My friend regrets not having entered the university. 3. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his testpaper. 4. It’s a pity we won’t be able to reach home before teatime. 5. I’m sorry I made you upset by telling you this news. 6. What a pity you don’t know enough physics. 7. Unfortunately they won’t return before Christmas. 8. The student was sorry he hadn’t studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the examination. 9. It’s a pity that you didn’t send for us last night. 10. We were sorry they didn’t know about it.

Упражнение 4.Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.

1. Were we free tomorrow, we should go to the museum. 2. Had he time, he might complete the work sooner. 3. Had you informed me beforehand, I should have come by all means. 4. Had we been given more time to fulfil the job, the result might have been different. 5. Had there been any changes, the committee would have known it. 6. Were he given this work, he would do his best to show his skill. 7. Could you stay a little longer, we should tell you the news. 8. Had he overcome the obstacles, he would have become a prominent scientist. 9. The day would be wonderful, were it not so hot. 10. He would take part in the discussion, were he not so tired.