yastrebova-vladykina_uchebnik_2_kursa

половине, тянут с походом в загс, сохраняя некую свободу выбора. Они постепенно привыкают друг к другу и, не найдя лучшего варианта, в итоге регистрируют брак. Но чувство неудовлетворенности остается. Неудивительно, что такая семья часто бывает непрочной.

 WRITING 2

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS (FOR and AGAINST)

An argumentative essay is a formal, impersonal piece of writing in which you are expected to consider a topic from opposing points of view and give a balanced consideration or your opinion.

Structure:

Introduction (Paragraph 1)

The subject or topic. A statement of the problem, etc.

Comments on the way it is to be treated.

Main body (Development)

Paragraph 2.

Arguments for (= advantages). The main ideas supported with details, examples.

Paragraph 3.

Arguments against (= disadvantages). The main ideas supported with details, examples.

Conclusion (Final paragraph)

A summary of the main points. Own views / opinions.

Points to remember:

1.Make a list of the points for and against before you start to write.

2.Never write an argument for or against without supporting it with justification.

3.Start each paragraph with a key sentence which summarizes what the paragraph is about.

4.Do not use short forms (e.g. I’m, he’ll) or strong personal expressions. I think or I believe should only be used in the final paragraph where you can give your opinion.

5.Make use of suitable connectives:

To introduce points: Firstly / To begin with / In the first place; One point in favour of (against) … is / One advantage of

... is / One disadvantage of ... is, etc.

To add more points: Secondly / What is more / Furthermore / A further advantage of ... is, etc.

To make contrasting points: However / On the other hand / Although / In spite of / Conversely, etc. To conclude: To sum up / In conclusion / On balance / All things considered

Note: paragraphs are either indented from the left margin or a line of space is left at the end of a paragraph and the next paragraph is started on the left margin.

WRITING AN ESSAY
	Marrying Young
A. Writing an outline of an essay
1. List the points for and against
FOR	AGAINST
1. helps one mature early	1. interferes with one’s studies
2. ......	2. ......
3. ......	3. ......

2. Write supporting sentences

FOR	Marrying young makes one mature early because starting a
	family involves greater responsibilities. To begin with, ...
AGAINST	Early marriage will inevitably interfere with either husband’s
	or wife’s studies (if they are both students), as someone in
	the family has to be the provider. Furthermore, ...

B. Writing introduction

The First Paragraph Techniques:

1.starting with a rhetorical question which states the topic, e.g. “Are there more advantages or disadvantages in marrying young?”

43

2.addressing the reader directly, e.g. “Have you ever wondered why fewer people tend to marry young nowadays?”

3.making reference to an unusual situation, e.g. “A student with a wedding ring on his ring finger, rushing to a job after classes and falling behind with his studies ...”

C. Writing conclusion

The Final Paragraph Techniques:

1.summarizing the topic, e.g. “To sum up, marrying young seems to have fewer advantages than disadvantages, but there are and have always been people eager to get married young despite all the difficulties involved.”

2.ending with a rhetorical question, e.g. “Would it be wiser to postpone marriage just because one is young?”

3.giving the reader something to consider, e.g. “All in all, though marrying young leads to many problems, (1 think) it is for the young people to decide whether to marry or not. Perhaps the state should help the young couples to cope with their problems.”

Ex. 59. Write your own beginning and ending of the essay “Marrying young”.

Ex. 60 Fill in the gaps with suitable connectives:

however, at the same time, therefore, firstly, secondly, as a result

In setting out to describe America and the Americans, it would be tempting to assume that the United States is just another country, and try to approach it as such. It is a superpower, to be sure; ____________, it has its population centers, high and low temperatures, economic statistics, educational systems, arts and crafts, politics and problems, just like any other country. To take this approach, _________, would mean ignoring two fundamental problems. ________, we all carry around in our minds images of America, blurred or sharp. __________, most readers, like most tourists, set out in search of America wanting to find what they’re looking for, and are displeased with their guides if they don’t find it.

________, we all know and certainly feel that America – that dream and that promise, those myths, legends, and hopes – is somehow different. The very subject of America attracts opinions and judgments as no other country does. In approaching America, _________, we first need to take a closer look at these problems if we hope to get closer to the central question of what America is and what it means.

Ex. 61. Write any two of the following essays using 180–200 words.

1.Marrying young.

2.Marriage of convenience.

3.“Old-fashioned” marriages have a better chance of success.

44

GRAMMAR

INFINITIVE AND INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

 Forms

	Active	Passive
Simple	to do	to be done
Perfect	to have done	to have been done
Continuous	to be doing	–
Perfect Continuous	to have been doing	–

The Simple Infinitive and the Continuous Infinitive express actions simultaneous with the action of the finite verb (now / now; then / then → the Simple Infinitive or the Continuous Infinitive).

The Perfect Infinitive and the Perfect Continuous Infinitive express actions prior to the action of the finite verb (now / before now; then / before then → the Perfect Infinitive or the Perfect Continuous Infinitive).

now / now	→	The Simple Infinitive
I am pleased (now) that I see you		I am pleased	to	see you in good
(now) in good health.		health.
now / now	→	The Continuous Infinitive
I am not pleased (now) that I am		I am not pleased to be working such
working (now) such long hours.		long hours.
then / then	→	The Simple Infinitive
I was pleased (then) that I saw him		I was pleased	to	see him in good
(then) in good health.		health.
then / then	→	The Continuous Infinitive
I was not pleased (then) that I was		I was not pleased to be working such
working (then) such long hours.		long hours.
			* * *
	now / before now		→	The Perfect Infinitive
I am	pleased	(now) that I		I am pleased to have passed the
passed / have passed (before now)				exam.
the exam.
	now / before now		→	The Perfect Continuous Infinitive
I am not pleased (now) that I have				I am not pleased to have been wait-
been waiting (before now) a long				ing a long time.
time.
	then / before then		→	The Perfect Infinitive
I was pleased (then) that I had				I was pleased to have passed the ex-
passed (before then) the exam.				am.
	then / before then		→	The Perfect Continuous Infinitive
I was not pleased (then) that I had				I was not pleased to have been wait-
been waiting (before then) a long				ing a long time.
time.

Ex. 62. Translate the sentences paying attention to the forms of the infinitives.

1.The Personnel Manager said she’d be pleased to offer advice.

2.I hate to tell you, but your hair is a mess.

3.The only thing to do is (to) write to him.

4.He wanted to be considered the greatest living painter.

5.It’s better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.

6.We met a young man with the ability to perform rapid mental calculations.

7.He was pleased to have been chosen honorary president of the association.

8.He deserves to be sent to prison.

9.She tends to wear quite smart clothes for work.

10.The kidnappers demanded to be paid a huge ransom for the return of the little girl.

11.It is certainly true that today’s athletes, whatever their sports, tend to be taller, bigger, stronger and fitter than champions of the past.

45

Ex. 63. Use that-clauses instead of the infinitive clauses.

1.They were happy to have been given a warm welcome.

2.They claim to have discovered a cure for the disease, but this has not yet been proved.

3.We were lucky to be travelling by air.

4.It was clever of them to have insured their house against fire.

5.I was disappointed not to find her at home.

6.The patient claimed to have had severe problems in communicating since childhood.

7.It is wise of them to be using the latest diagnostic methods.

8.He was surprised to have received a letter marked “Private”.

9.Jack is proud to have been working in the company since its foundation.

10.I was sorry not to have been given the chance to prove my point.

I. Common Structures with the Infinitive

Pattern 1

Infinitive clause after the adjectives expressing someone’s feelings.

delighted	glad	pleased	sorry
disappointed	(un) happy	proud	surprised
fortunate	(un) lucky	relieved	upset

You can use the infinitive clause if the subject is the same in both clauses. If the subjects are different, you must use a that-clause.

They were glad to know the parcel had arrived safely. He is lucky to be going by air.

but: He was glad that they were coming to the party.

The most common infinitives used in this pattern are: find, learn, hear, see, say, tell, inform.

I was relieved to hear / see / learn that I’d passed my exam.

Ex. 64. Combine the sentences using either an infinitive or a that-clause.

1.a. Jane heard the news. She was unhappy.

b.Jane was ill. I was very upset.

2.a. She accepted my proposal. I am happy.

b.I have won the prize. I am happy.

3.a. She will see him at the picnic. She will be delighted.

b.Everyone enjoyed the party. We were absolutely delighted.

4.a. You are very fortunate. You have found such a pleasant house.

b.Emily failed the exam. John was disappointed.

5.a. Liza’s boyfriend has found a new girlfriend. Liza is sad.

b.Peter saw her in tears. He was very surprised.

6.a. He learnt that his offer was rejected. He was displeased.

b.He didn’t keep his promise. I am not surprised.

7.a. Carol’s son has won the race. She is proud.

b.Carol was awarded the prize for being the fastest runner. She is proud.

8.a.You didn’t reply to his letter. He was upset.

b.She heard that the holiday had been cancelled. She was disappointed.

9.a. I lost the camera. My dad was displeased.

b.He was riding a motorbike. He was pleased.

Pattern 2

Of-phrases with the infinitive.

You use the structure “of someone + to-infinitive” after the following adjectives:

brave	generous	(im)polite	typical
careless	good	sensible	unreasonable
characteristic	(un)kind	silly	wise
clever	mean	stupid	wrong, etc.

46

(in)considerate

nice

thoughtful

e.g. It’s kind of you to help.

It is very bad of him not to have told me that before.

Ex. 65. Make up sentences to express your attitude towards someone’s actions. Use the adjectives given in the box.

Model: You lent me the money. → It was kind / nice / generous of you to lend me the money. He did not call her. → It’s bad / inconsiderate of him not to have called her.

1.He sent me a birthday card and flowers.

2.He opened your letter.

3.He threw the ticket away.

4.He donated a lot of money to the orphans’ asylum.

5.She didn’t call and say she’d be late.

6.He didn’t take their threats seriously.

7.Jack came to the resort without booking a room in advance.

8.They made investments in local industry.

9.The woman turned the job of assistant manager down.

10.She demanded to be given the best room.

11.He played loud music late at night.

12.Election candidates frequently promise a lot more than they can deliver.

13.She got insurance before she went on holiday.

Ex. 66. Translate into English using of-phrases with the infinitive.

1.Так мило с вашей стороны, что вы зашли поздравить меня с днем рождения.

2.Для молодого поколения типично думать, что их молодость продлится вечно.

3.Было глупо с их стороны так быстро пожениться. Они недостаточно хорошо знали друг друга.

4.Было очень невежливо с твоей стороны даже не поздороваться с ним.

5.Было очень беспечно с твоей стороны не проверить, заперла ли ты дверь перед уходом.

6.Он поступил великодушно, простив ее.

7.Неразумно, что он принял это приглашение.

8.Было некрасиво с вашей стороны не ответить на (проигнорировать) ее письмо.

9.Он никогда не занимает денег, это характерно для него.

10.Так глупо, что я забыл дома бумажник.

Ex. 67. Use the right form of the infinitive.

1.Detective Morrison knocked on the door of Mrs White’s house. When she opened the door he said: “I’m sorry (disturb) you but I have to ask you several questions.” In two hours the detective left the house saying: “I’m sorry (disturb) you.”

2.Sarah pretended (enjoy) herself although she felt like crying.

3.We didn’t expect (treat) like royalty.

4.They were fortunate (rescue) from the fire before the building collapsed.

5.Small children are eager (ask) questions and they always demand (answer).

6.The little boy was proud (skate) for so long without falling down.

7.When walking around Rome, he felt extremely excited (walk) the streets of the city he had read so much about.

8.Ann was doubtful that she would be admitted to university, so she was delighted (award) a place.

9.Even though she was much younger than the other children, Alice demanded (include) in the game they were playing.

10.He turned up at last two hours later saying: “I’m sorry (keep) you waiting for so long.”

11.John claims (write) letters of application for a year already but (receive) no reply.

12.Tom was so glad (dance) with Alice at last that he couldn’t help smiling happily.

13.I hate people who talk about you behind your back and then pretend (be) nice to you when they meet you.

14.He claims (see) the President, but I don’t believe him.

15.Our football team is proud (win) every match this year.

16.None of you may want (tell) blunt truth.

17.Your proposal deserves (consider) seriously.

Ex. 68. Translate into English using the infinitive.

1.Он был разочарован, что ему не дали ответа.

2.На собрании он встал и потребовал, чтобы его выслушали. (hear out)

47

3.Ребенок был горд, что с ним обращались как со взрослым.

4.Мне жаль, что я вас прерываю, но у меня важное сообщение.

5.Она была счастлива, что ей подарили спортивный автомобиль.

6.Он сожалел, что причинил им столько беспокойства.

7.Она утверждает, что уже заплатила по счету.

8.Он со стыдом признал, что на него нельзя положиться.

9.Дэнни был очень рад, что успешно сдал все экзамены.

10.Когда родители пришли домой, она притворилась, что делает домашнее задание.

11.Он утверждал, что знает об автомобилях всё.

12.Я склонен думать, что мистер Грин не подходит для этой работы.

13.Мужчины на Западе стареют (age) гораздо быстрее, чем в Японии. (use “tend”)

14.Она заслуживает денежной премии. (bonus payment)

Pattern 3

Infinitive used after the introductory it as subject of the sentence.

it + be + adjective / noun + to-infinitive

It’s your duty to study.

It was a mistake to ignore his letter.

Wouldn’t it be better to escape from the country?

Note: In formal writing the infinitive can be placed before the verbs be, appear, seem.

To exceed the speed limit is dangerous.

To save money now seems difficult.

Ex. 69. Paraphrase the sentences according to the model and say whether you agree with the statement or not.

Model: Studying is important. → It is important to study.

1.Making the same mistake twice is unforgivable.

2.Finding a good job is quite a problem nowadays.

3.Living on one income is difficult.

4.Arriving home after a long absence is always a pleasure.

5.Killing animals to make fur coats is cruel.

6.Riding a motorcycle at top speed on wet roads is a recipe for disaster.

7.Travelling in the rush hour is awful.

8.Hurting people is wrong.

9.Going abroad on holiday is expensive.

10.Working with horses can be a delight.

11.Doing the same thing every day is boring.

 Pattern 4

Infinitive used after the introductory it as object of the sentence.

If it + be is preceded by think, find, consider, make (that), the words be and that can often be omitted.

verb + it + adjective / noun + to-infinitive

A.

find it difficult / hard / interesting / pointless / etc. to do smth think it polite / foolish / important / one’s duty / etc. to do smth

consider it tactless / reasonable / wrong / an honour / etc. to do smth

I find (that) it (is) impolite to interrupt people. → I find it impolite to interrupt people.

He thought (that) it (was) his duty to help her. → He thought it his duty to help her.

B.

make it a point / a rule to do smth

make it painful / difficult / (im)possible / necessary (for smb) to do smth

He makes it an invariable rule not to give anything to beggars.

My mother’s illness made it impossible for her to walk.

Ex. 70. Complete the sentences using Pattern 4.

A.

48

1.I don’t think it is wise to worry about the future. I find it pointless...

2.I consider that it is a great honour to be here with you today. I consider...

3.It was always interesting for her to watch an artist at work. She found...

4.It is difficult for small children to say long words. Small children find...

5.I think it is foolish to talk about my problems with other people. I think...

6.She felt it was her duty to act in the best interests of the child. She thought...

7.They consider that it is wrong to smoke in public places. They consider...

8.It’s hard for me to believe that he didn’t know the gun was loaded. I find...

9.He thought it was wise to learn from the experience of others. He thought...

10.I consider that it is unfair to take advantage of other people’s misfortunes. I consider...

B.

1.It was difficult for him to find a job as he was disabled. His disability made...

2.I always try not to eat fatty foods. I make it a rule...

3.She felt pain when she walked because of the blister on her foot. The blister made...

4.He always took particular care to arrive fifteen minutes early at the office. He made it a point...

5.Patients will have to stay in hospital overnight because of the new treatment. The new treatment will make...

6.Free education enabled ordinary people to reach positions of power. Free education made...

7.Changes in the law will allow men to stay at home to look after young children. Changes in the law will make...

Ex. 71. Make up your own sentences. Begin with it followed by the phrases given below.

Model: be difficult → It was difficult to leave the parents’ house and (to) start a new life here. be absolute / sheer madness → It would be sheer madness to begin a war.

1.	be important / necessary	6.	be always a pleasure
2.	be boring / interesting	7.	be absolute / sheer madness
3.	be easy / difficult	8.	be a relief
4.	be foolish / better / best	9.	be a / some comfort (to some-
5.	be dangerous / (un)safe		one)
		10. be a delight / sheer delight

Ex. 72. Translate into English using the introductory it followed by the infinitive.

1.Не обязательно говорить по-английски совсем без акцента, если люди вас понимают. Важнее уметь ясно выразить свою мысль.

2.Большое облегчение иметь кого-либо, на кого можно положиться в беде.

3.В дождливую погоду приятно посидеть в удобном кресле и почитать интересную книгу.

4.Том взял за правило ходить на работу пешком.

5.Легко понять, почему он разочаровался в жизни.

6.Наблюдать за маленькими детьми всегда удовольствие.

7.Просто безумие надеяться, что тебе удастся выиграть пари.

8.Слушать этого великолепного певца – просто наслаждение.

9.Я считаю, что глупо доверять человеку, который вас неоднократно подводил.

10.Она быстро поправилась благодаря заботе и вниманию мужа. (use “possible”)

11.Джон считал своим долгом обеспечивать семью брата.

12.Глупо надеяться, что его отношение к ней изменится.

Pattern 5

Infinitive used after adjectives describing personal opinions.

When you want to express an opinion about someone or something, you often use an adjective followed by “to”- infivitive. The adjectives commonly used in this pattern are: easy, difficult, hard, (im)possible, (un)safe, (un)pleasant, etc.

The problem is hard to solve.

She was interesting to talk to.

Note: In this function you always use Present Infinitive in the Active Voice.

Ex. 73. Paraphrase the sentences according to the model.

Model: It’s pleasant to look at her. → She is pleasant to look at.

It is easy to follow these instructions. → These instructions are easy to follow. 1. It is easy to manage her children, they are well-behaved.

49

2.It’s hard to deal with a drunken man.

3.It is impossible to work for him ─ he is disorganized.

4.She always complains, it is difficult to please her.

5.It would be impossible to compensate for lack of parental attention.

6.It is not very easy to get on with Jane.

7.It was always interesting to talk to our professor.

8.It is amusing to observe the behaviour of small children.

9.It will be hard to settle that matter.

10.He said it had been easy to deceive her.

11.It is extremely hard to accept his medieval opinions on women’s rights.

12.It will be easy to remember the rule.

13.It is extremely difficult to diagnose the disease in the early stages.

14.It is safe to fly the plane, it has just been tested.

15.It was impossible to make friends with David.

Ex. 74. Make up your own sentences using Pattern 5. Use the adjectives pleasant, difficult, hard, disgusting, impossible, interesting, nice, etc.

Ex. 75. Translate into English using Pattern 5.

1.На него невозможно положиться, он очень забывчивый.

2.Ссору было нелегко уладить, хотя он очень старался.

3.Эту книгу интересно читать и легко пересказывать. Вот почему она пользуется спросом у студентов.

4.Его поступки невозможно предсказать.

5.С Джеком трудно ладить, он всегда чем-то недоволен.

6.Её почерк невозможно разобрать. (make out)

7.Стихотворение было нелегко запомнить.

8.От дурных привычек трудно избавиться.

9.Этими людьми было легко манипулировать.

10.Воду небезопасно пить, лучше её прокипятить.

11.Теорию относительности нелегко понять.

 Pattern 6

Infinitive used as attribute to replace relative clauses.

It follows nouns, pronouns, noun groups that include an ordinal number (the first, the second, etc.), a superlative (the oldest, the best, etc.), or a word like next, last, or only.

Notes: 1. After the first, the second, etc., the next, the last, the only and the superlatives you can use either an active or a passive infinitive.

He was the only person to complain. (active meaning) She was the first to be given a prize. (passive meaning)

2.After nouns / pronouns the infinitive shows what can be done or must be done with someone or something.

George is the man to vote for. (= for whom we should vote) I have letters to write. (= that I must write)

3.After “there is / are” you can use a passive infinitive but an active infinitive is more usual.

There is plenty to do / to be done.

4. There is a difference in meaning between the following set phrases:

something / anything / nothing	something / anything / nothing
to do	to be done
There is nothing to do.	There is nothing to be done.
Нечем заняться.	Ничего не поделаешь.

Ex. 76. Complete the sentences using the infinitives from the box.

to catch	to comfort	to receive	to feel
to find	to satisfy	to settle	to take

1.There is nothing _______ ashamed of.

2.She is always busy. She has 3 children _______ care of.

3.I need money badly. I have a bill _______.

4.I really must go now. I’ve got a train _______.

50

5.Her marriage broke up and she lost her job. It isn’t easy to find words _______ her.

6.Luckily, she has her children _______ comfort in.

7.He was the only person _______ no replies to his job applications ─ not a single one.

8.We can do so little _______ his demands.

Ex. 77. Match the pairs of words and make up your own sentences.

a house	to obey	someone	to eat
a child	to do	nothing	to lose
regulations	to look after	too much	to say
much work	to spend	something	to drink
no money	to sell	a lot	to talk to
the first (person)	to learn / to be seen
the last (one)	to be founded
the only man	to come / to be awarded
the best play	to survive / to be elected
the oldest university	to see / to be performed

Ex. 78. Paraphrase the sentences using the infinitive.

1.All the hotels were full and we had nowhere where we could stay.

2.Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay were the first mountaineers who reached the top of Everest.

3.He was the last person who was convinced by my arguments.

4.They had so little that they could tell each other that they kept silent.

5.She was not the type who would put on weight.

6.Whenever there is some hard work that is necessary to do, she always says she has a headache.

7.In 1969 the American astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first man who walked on the moon.

8.My father was often the only person who supported and comforted me.

9.He isn’t the kind of man you can laugh at.

10.Clare Francis is an English writer and sailor. In 1976 she became the first woman who sailed across the Atlantic alone.

11.I’m as happy as a lark, as long as I’ve got paint and canvas I can work with.

12.She was not a girl who would miss such a chance.

13.Unfortunately he had no one he could rely on and find comfort in.

14.There is nothing in his life you can be jealous of. He has so much that he should be ashamed of and so little that he can take pride in.

15.The Wright brothers built and flew the world’s first plane in 1903.

61. A high-rise tower block is not the best place where one can bring up young children. 17. Charles Lindbergh made the first nonstop transatlantic solo flight in 1927.

Ex. 79. Translate into English using Pattern 6.

1.Он не такой человек, который бы стыдился своих поступков.

2.У нас есть вопрос, который нужно срочно решить.

3.Управляющий был первым, кто потребовал от него объяснений.

4.Нечему завидовать, комфорт – это еще не все, что нужно для счастья.

5.Делать нечего, придется удовлетворить его требования.

6.– Мама, мне нечего делать!

– Почему бы тебе не почитать книжку, дорогая?

7.Он любит вечеринки. Он всегда приходит первым и уходит последним.

8.Нельзя терять ни минуты.

9.У нее есть драгоценности, которые можно продать.

10.Она была единственной, кто согласился выступить на конференции.

11.Мне нужно рассортировать письма.

12.Ему надо было отнести книги в библиотеку.

13.Предстояло о многом поговорить, многое прояснить.

14.Никак не ожидали, что Тина поступит бесчестно. (the last)

15.Никто лучше него не расскажет, что произошло в тот день. (the best)

16.В первую очередь позаботились о детях.

Pattern 7

Infinitive used as attribute after nouns.

51

Some common nouns can be followed by an infinitive with “to”.

(inh)ability	determination	promise
attempt	eagerness	refusal
chance	effort	(un)willingness
desire	failure	wish
decision	plan

Ex. 80. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.The Gunpowder plot was a secret plan to blow up the Houses of Parliament in London in 1605.

2.The government’s latest promises are nothing but a further attempt to cynically deceive the public.

3.His failure to return her phone call told her that something was wrong.

4.She shows a willingness to work on her own initiative.

5.He has a great determination to succeed.

6.In their efforts to reduce crime the government expanded the police force.

7.The decision to try living in a foreign country was not an easy one.

8.While we were in New York we had the chance to go up the Statue of Liberty.

9.Several people have expresssed a desire to see the report.

10.People who have a photographic memory have the ability to remember whole pages by just looking at them.

11.The government’s refusal to see that the maintenance of the environment must be our first priority today is a great tragedy.

12.State legislators included a promise to introduce equal pay for women in their annual budget report.

13.Your inability to use a computer can be a serious disadvantage when you are applying for jobs.

14.No agreement was reached because of the unwillingness of either side to compromise.

15.In their eagerness to find a solution they overlooked certain financial difficulties.

Pattern 8

Infinitive used to express purpose.

She’s saving up to buy a car.

You have to have a good nose to be a wine expert.

We must make every effort to find a diplomatic solution to the crisis. In a more formal style you can use in order to or so as to.

e.g. She started to cry in order to arouse sympathy and pity from her parents. That winter they had to burn some of their furniture so as to keep warm.

In negative sentences, you normally use so as not to (NOT “not to” alone).

e.g. We left early so as not to be late.

So as not to embarrass him, I never criticized him for his frequent failures.

Ex. 81. Answer the questions using Pattern 8.

Model: Why did he drink lots of black coffee? → He drank lots of black coffee (in order) to keep awake. / He drank lots of black coffee so as not to fall asleep.

1.Why does he often write things down?

2.Why did Mary practise English every day?

3.Why did you turn down the music?

4.Why is John saving up?

5.Why did Sam leave so early yesterday?

6.Why does Alice always pack her things in the evening but not in the morning?

7.Why did Fiona take an umbrella?

8.Why did Brian withdraw a large sum from his bank account?

9.Why did Stella stay up late yesterday?

10.Why does Jerry jog every morning?

Ex. 82. Translate into English using Pattern 8.

1.Я пришел сюда, чтобы потребовать объяснения.

2.Она устроилась поудобнее, чтобы не чувствовать себя уставшей к концу поездки.

3.На вечеринке Мэри танцевала только с Джоном, чтобы не вызвать его ревность.

4.Нам нужно встретиться, чтобы наконец решить эту проблему.

5.Она делала все возможное, чтобы догнать группу.

52