- •Acknowledgments
- •Contents
- •PLASMA MEMBRANE
- •NUCLEUS
- •CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES
- •EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
- •EPITHELIA AND GLANDS
- •CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- •CARTILAGE AND BONE
- •MUSCLE
- •NERVOUS SYSTEM
- •BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS
- •CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- •LYMPHOID TISSUE
- •ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- •SKIN
- •RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- •DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: GLANDS
- •THE URINARY SYSTEM
- •SPECIAL SENSES
- •Comprehensive Examination
- •Index
Cell Biology
and Histology
SEVENTH EDITION
Leslie P. Gartner, PhD
Professor of Anatomy (Retired)
Department of Biomedical Sciences
University of Maryland Dental School
Baltimore, Maryland
James L. Hiatt, PhD
Professor Emeritus
Department of Biomedical Sciences
University of Maryland Dental School
Baltimore, Maryland
Health
®Wolters Kluwer
Philadelphia Baltimore New York London
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Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor
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Compositor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services
PrintedLibraryinofCongresshi a Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gartner, Leslie P., 1943authorI .
Cell biology and histology Leslie P. Gartner, James L. Hiatt. - Seventh edition. p. ; em. - (Board review series)
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4511-8951-3 (paperback:alk. paper)
I. Hiatt, James L., 1934author. II. Title. III. Series:Board review series.
[DNLM: l. Histological Techniques-Outlines. 2. Cytological Techniques-Outlines. QS 18.2] QM553
61 1'.018-dc23
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2014018636 |
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Acknowledgments
We thank the following individuals for their help and support during the preparation of this book: Crystal Taylor, our Acquisitions Editor; and Dana Battaglia and Amy Weintraub, our product Development Editor(s), who helped us weave all of the loose ends into a seamless whole.
iv
Contents
Preface iii
Acknowledgments iv
1. |
PLASMA MEMBRANE |
1 |
|
|
I. |
Overview-The Plasma Membrane (Plasmalemma; Cell Membrane) 1 |
|
|
II. |
Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane 1 |
|
|
Ill. |
Plasma Membrane Transport Processes |
5 |
|
IV. |
Cell-to-Cell Communication 7 |
|
|
V. |
Plasmalemma-Cytoskeleton Association |
9 |
Review Test 12
2. |
NUCLEUS |
|
|
15 |
|
|
I. |
Overview-The Nucleus 15 |
|||
|
II. |
Nuclear Envelope 15 |
|||
|
Ill. |
Nucleolus |
18 |
|
|
|
IV |
Nucleoplasm |
18 |
||
|
v. |
Chromatin |
19 |
|
|
|
VI. |
Chromosomes |
20 |
||
|
VII. |
DNA |
21 |
|
|
|
VIII. |
RNA |
22 |
|
|
|
IX. |
Cell Cycle |
25 |
|
|
|
X. |
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 28 |
|||
|
XI. |
Meiosis 29 |
|
||
|
Review Test |
31 |
|
|
3. |
CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES |
33 |
|
|
I. |
Overview-The Cytoplasm 33 |
|
|
II. |
Structural Components 33 |
|
|
Ill. |
Interactions among Organelles 49 |
|
Review Test 58
v
vi Contents
4. |
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX |
||
|
|||
|
I. |
Overview-The Extracellular Matrix 61 |
|
|
II. |
Ground Substance 61 |
|
|
Ill. |
Fibers |
64 |
|
Review Test |
72 |
5.EPITHELIA AND GLANDS
I. |
Overview-Epithelia 75 |
|
II. |
Lateral Epithelial Surfaces |
77 |
Ill. |
Basal Epithelial Surfaces |
80 |
IV |
Apical Epithelial Surfaces |
83 |
v. |
Glands 87 |
|
Review Test 89
6.CONNECTIVE TISSUE
I. |
Overview-Connective Tissue 92 |
|
II. |
Extracellular Matrix 92 |
|
Ill. |
Connective Tissue Cells |
93 |
IV. |
Classification of Connective Tissue 99 |
Review Test 103
7.CARTILAGE AND BONE
I. Overview-CartilagellO 106
II. Overview-Bone
Ill. Joints 120
Review Test 121
8.MUSCLE
I. |
Overview-Muscle 124 |
|
|
II. |
Structure of Skeletal Muscle 124 |
||
Ill. |
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle |
130 |
|
IV |
Innervation of Skeletal Muscle |
132 |
|
v. |
Cardiac Muscle |
133 |
|
VI. |
Smooth Muscle |
135 |
|
VII. |
Contractile Nonmuscle Cells |
139 |
61
75
92
106
124
Review Test 140
9.
Contents vii
NERVOUS SYSTEM |
|
143 |
||
I. |
Overview-Nervous System 143 |
|
||
II. |
Histogenesis of the Nervous System |
143 |
||
Ill. |
Cells of Nervous System |
145 |
|
|
IV |
Synapses |
151 |
|
|
v. |
Nerve Fibers 152 |
|
|
|
VI. |
Nerves |
153 |
|
|
VII. |
Ganglia |
155 |
|
|
VIII. |
Histophysiologyof Nervous System |
155 |
||
IX. |
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System 157 |
|||
X. |
Central Nervous System |
158 |
|
|
XI. |
Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve Tissue 160 |
Review Test 162
10. BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS |
166 |
|||
I. |
Overview-Blood |
166 |
|
|
II. |
Blood Constituents |
166 |
|
|
Ill. |
Blood Coagulation |
172 |
|
|
IV. |
Bone Marrow 174 |
|
|
|
V. |
Prenatal Hemopoiesis |
175 |
|
|
VI. |
Postnatal Hemopoiesis |
175 |
|
|
VII. |
Hemopoietic Growth Factors (CSFS) |
179 |
||
Review Test 181 |
|
|
|
11. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM |
184 |
|
I. |
Overview-Blood Vascular System 184 |
|
II. |
Overview-Lymphatic Vascular System |
195 |
Review Test 196 |
|
12. LYMPHOID TISSUE |
199 |
|
I. |
Overview-The Lymphoid (Immune) System 199 |
|
II. |
Cells of the Immune System 201 |
|
Ill. |
Antigen Presentation and the Role of MHC Molecules 209 |
|
IV. |
Immunoglobulins |
210 |
V. |
Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue 211 |
|
VI. |
Lymphoid Organs |
212 |
Review Test 218
viii Contents
13. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM |
221 |
|
|
|
|
I. |
Overview-The Endocrine System 221 |
|
II. |
Hormones 221 |
|
Ill. |
Overview-Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) and Hypothalamus |
222 |
IV. |
Overview-Thyroid Gland 228 |
|
V. |
Parathyroid Glands 232 |
|
VI. |
Overview-Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands 234 |
|
VII. |
Pineal Gland (Pineal Body, Epiphysis) 237 |
|
Review Test 239 |
|
14. SKIN |
|
242 |
|
|
|
|
|
I. |
Overview-The Skin |
242 |
|
II. |
Epidermis 242 |
|
|
Ill. |
Dermis 248 |
|
|
IV |
Glands in the Skin |
249 |
|
v. |
Hair, Hair Follicle, and Arrector Pili Muscle 251 |
||
VI. |
Nails |
252 |
|
Review Test |
254 |
|
15. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
257 |
|
|
|
|
I. |
Overview-The Respiratory System 257 |
|
II. |
Conducting Portion of the Respiratory System 257 |
|
Ill. |
Overview-Respiratory Portion of the Respiratory System |
262 |
IV. |
Lung Lobules 269 |
|
V. |
Pulmonary Vascular Supply 269 |
|
VI. |
Pulmonary Nerve Supply 269 |
|
Review Test 270
16.DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: ORAL CAVITY
AND ALIMENTARY TRACT |
273 |
|
|
|
|
I. |
Overview-The Digestive System |
273 |
II. |
Oral Region 273 |
|
Ill. |
Divisions of the Alimentary Canal |
278 |
IV. |
Digestion and Absorption 289 |
|
Review Test 291
Contents ix
17. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: GLANDS |
294 |
||
I. |
Overview-Extrinsic Glands of the Digestive System |
294 |
|
II. |
Major Salivary Glands |
294 |
|
Ill. |
Overview-Pancreas |
296 |
|
IV. |
Liver 299 |
|
|
V. |
Gallbladder 304 |
|
|
Review Test 306
18. THE URINARY SYSTEM |
309 |
||
I. |
Overview-The Urinary System |
309 |
|
II. |
Kidneys 309 |
|
|
Ill. |
Uriniferous Tubules |
310 |
|
IV. |
Renal Blood Circulation 320 |
|
|
V. |
Regulation of Urine Concentration 321 |
||
VI. |
ExcretoryPassages |
324 |
|
Review Test 327 |
|
|
19. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM |
330 |
|||
I. |
Overview-Female Reproductive System |
330 |
||
II. |
Ovaries |
330 |
|
|
Ill. |
Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes) |
338 |
|
|
IV. |
Uterus |
339 |
|
|
V. |
Cervix |
341 |
|
|
VI. |
Fertilization and Implantation 342 |
|
||
VII. |
Placenta |
343 |
|
|
VIII. |
Vagina |
345 |
|
|
IX. |
External Genitalia (Vulva) |
345 |
|
|
X. |
Mammary Glands 346 |
|
|
Review Test 348
20. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM |
350 |
||
I. |
Overview-Male Reproductive System |
350 |
|
II. |
Testes |
350 |
|
Ill. |
Genital Ducts 357 |
|
|
IV. |
Accessory Genital Glands 359 |
|
|
V. |
Urethra 361 |
|
|
VI. |
Penis |
362 |
|
Review Test |
363 |
|
xContents
21. SPECIAL SENSES |
366 |
|
|
|
|
I. |
Overview-Special Sense Receptors 366 |
|
II. |
Specialized Diffuse Receptors 366 |
|
Ill. |
Sense of Sight-Eye 368 |
|
IV. |
Sense of Hearing-Ear (Vestibulocochlear Apparatus) |
378 |
ComprehensiveReview TestExamination384 387
Index 405