Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 14, 239, 241 Adrenoleukodystrophy, 45

Adventitial reticular cells, 174 Afadin, 77

Afferent arterioles, 320 Age pigment, 46

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 375-376 Agranulocytes, 167t, 170-171, 17lt

Albumin, 166 Alimentary canal

esophagus, 279 histological features of, 278t

hormones secreted by cells of, 28lt immune system of, 285

large intestine, 285-288 small intestine, 282-285 stomach, 279-282

a-actinin, 10f, 11, 65f a-globulins, 166

A!port syndrome, 69, 315 Alveolar ducts, 264, 264f, 395, 403 Alveolar macrophages, 267 Alveolar sacs, 264, 264f

Alveoli, 264-266 Alzheimer disease, 148

Amphipathic molecule, 1, 392, 401 Ampullae, 380

Amyloid -derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs), 299 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 133

Anabolic steroid use, 127 Anagen phase, 252

Anaphase, of mitosis, 26-27, 26f, 27t Anaphylactic shock, 98

Anchoring junctions, of epithelial cells, 79 Androgen-binding protein (ABP), 353, 356, 393, 402 Androgenic alopecia. See Male pattern baldness Anencephaly, 144

Aneuploidy, 30

Aneurysm, 189 Angiotensin I, 195 Angiotensin II, 195 Angular cheilitis, 274 Ankyrin, 10, 10f Annexins, 4 Annulate lamellae, 35

Anterior chamber lateral angle, 369f

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), 208

Index

ANote: Page numbers followed by f denote figure; those followed by t denote table.

Abdominal pain, symptoms of, 291, 293 Acetylcholine, 132-133, 152t, 162, 164, 189

receptors, 7 Acidophils, 222 Acousticnerve, 378f

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 144, 205, 398

Acromegaly, 120 Acrosomal reaction, 355 Actin, 10, lOf, 1 1, 126f

Actin-binding proteins, 48, 48t Actin filaments, 77, 83

function, 48 structure, 47 Action potential, 156 Activated platelets, 173

Active transport, 5

ATP-binding cassette transporters, 6 glucose transport, 6

Na•-K• pump, 6 Acute leukemia, 171

Acute myelogenous leukemia, 21 Adaptins, classes of, 38 Adaptive immune system, 200 Addison disease, 236, 394, 403 Adenine, 21

Adenocarcinoma, 88, 397 ofprostate gland, 361

Adenohypophysis, 222, 224f pars distalis, 222-223 pars tuberalis, 225

Adenoid, 259

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 37 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 131, 394, 403

-binding cassette transporters (ABC-transporters), 6

exchange proteins, 37 synthase, 36, 394, 402 synthesis, 37

Adipokines, 101

Adiponectin, 101 Adipose cells, 94 Adipose tissue, 100 Adipose tumors, 102

ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF), 40 Adrenal cortex, 234

zona fasciculata of, 387, 397 Adrenal glands, 234

adrenal cortex, 234, 235f zona fasciculata, 234, 235f zona glomerulosa, 234 zona reticularis, 234

adrenal medulla, 236-237 catecholamine release, 237 chromaffincells, 236-237 sympathetic ganglion cells, 236

blood supply to, 237

cortical blood supply, 237 medullary blood supply, 237

cells and hormones, 234t

Anticodon, 23

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 195, 318, 322 Anus, 390, 399

Aorta, 186, 187f Aortic bodies, 195

Apocrine sweat glands, 88, 250 Apoptosis, 28

Appendicitis, 288 Aquaporins, 5

Aqueous humor, 370, 371, 384, 386 Areolartissue, 99

Arginine vasotocin, 238

Arteries. See Bloodvascular system, arteries

405

406

Index

Arterioles, 188, 193f

Arteriosclerosis, 189 Arteriovenous shunt, 191 Arthritis, 109

Articular cartilage, 103, 105 Asbestosis, 267

Ascaris lumbricoides, 391, 401 Aspartate, 152t

Asthma, 98, 262 Astrocytes, 148-149 Atherosclerosis, 50, 188 Atretic follicles, 336 Atria, 184-185

Atrial granules, 134-135

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 134, 184 Atrioventricular (AV) bundle ofHis, 185 Atrioventricular node, 185 Atrioventricular valves, 185

Auditory tube, 378f, 379 Autocrine hormones, 7 Autographs, 119 Autoimmune diseases, 7

Autophagic vacuoles, 44, 45f, 56 Autophagolysosomes, 44-45 Autophagy, 56

Autosomes, 21 Axoaxonic synapses, 151

Axodendritic synapses, 151 Axolemma, 148, 153

Axonal transport, ofmaterials, 156 Axoneme, 84, 84f

Axon hillock, 146f, 147 Axons, 145f, 147-148, 154f

peripheral, 161 Axon terminals, 132, 152 Axoplasm, 148

AxosomaticB synapses, 146f, 151

Bacterial flora of oral cavity, action of, 274 Band 3 proteins, 10

Band 4.1 protein, 10, 10f Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBSome), 86 Barr body, 19

Basal body, at base of cilia, 84-85, 84f Basal lamina, 80-81, 81f, 136f, 154f Basal plasma membrane infoldings, 83 Basement membrane, 75, 80-81 Basilar membrane, 380

Basophilic erythroblasts, 177t, 389, 399 Basophils, 178, 222-223, 391, 400

granulocytes, 99

vs. neutrophils, 387, 397

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 360 Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 174-globulins, 166

Bile, 301-302 Bile ducts, 302

Bipolar neurons, 145, 145f Bladder cancer, 21, 326 Blood and hemopoiesis, 166

blood coagulation, 172 activated platelets, 173 common pathway, 173 extrinsic pathway, 173 intrinsic pathway, 173

phospholipid complexes of activated platelet membranes, 173

bone marrow, 174, 175f erythrocytes (red blood cells)

general features of, 167-168, 167t hematocrit, 168

hemoglobin (Hb), 169 transport of C02 and 02 by, 169

hemopoietic growth factors, 179, 180t leukocytes (white blood cells), 167f, 167t, 170

agranulocytes, 170-171, 17lt granulocytes, 170, 170t

plasma, 166

platelets (thrombocytes), 167f, 167t, 171-172, 172t postnatal hemopoiesis

blood formation, initial steps in, 176 erythrocyte formation, 176 granulocyte formation, 176-178 lymphocyte formation, 179 monocyte formation, 178

platelet formation, 178 precursor cells, 176 progenitor cells, 176 stem cells, 175

prenatal hemopoiesis, 175 review test, 181-182

answers and explanations, 183 Blood-brain barrier, 159, 191

Blood coagulation, 172-173 intrinsic pathway of, 391, 401

Blood-gas barrier, lung, 268 Blood-testis barrier, 393, 402

Blood vascular system, 184. See also Lymphatic vascular system

arteries, 186, 188f arterioles, 188 elastic arteries, 186 metarterioles, 189

muscular arteries, 186

sensory mechanisms in, 194-195 vasoconstriction, 189 vasodilation, 189

and veins, comparison of, 192, 194f wall, layers of, 186, 186t

capillaries, 189, 190f arteriovenous shunt, 191

blood flowto capillary beds, 191, 193f capillary endothelial cells, 189, 192t continuous (somatic) capillaries, 190f, 191 fenestrated (visceral) capillaries, 190f, 191 metabolic functions of, 191

permeability of, 191 sinusoidal capillaries, 190f, 191

heart, 184

atrioventricular valves, 185 cardiac layers, 184-185 fibrous skeleton of, 185

impulse-generating and impulse-conducting system, 185

pericardium, 184 semilunar valves, 185

hormonal control oflow blood pressure, 195 review test, 196-197

answers and explanations, 198 veins, 192

large veins, 193

small and medium-sized veins, 194 types of, 193t

venules, 194

walls, layers of, 192, 193t

I ndex

407

B lymphocytes (B cells), 98, 179, 207-208 Bone, llO

cells

osteoblasts, ll0-ll1 osteoclasts, ll1-ll3, ll3f osteocytes, 1ll osteoprogenitor cells, llO

classification of, ll3

compact(dense) bone, ll3 primary bone, ll3 secondary bone, ll3

spongy (cancellous) bone, ll3 development, and mineralization, 80 formation

hormones role in, 120 vitamins role in, ll9

fracture, repair of, ll9 histogenesis of, ll4

calcification ofbones, ll8 endochondral bone formation, ll5-ll8 intramembranous bone

formation, ll5, ll6f zones ofepiphyseal plates, 1 18

organization oflamellae in haversian systems, ll4 interstitial lamellae, ll4

outer and inner circumferential lamellae, ll4

remodeling, ll8-ll9 repair, ll9

review test, 121-122

answers and explanations, 123 sialoprotein, ll0

structure

bone matrix, llO endosteum, llO periosteum, llO

Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) family, llO Bony callus, formation of, ll9

Bony joints, 387, 397 Bony labyrinth, 379 Botox, 42, 249 Botulism, 133

Bowman membrane, 369 Bowman space, 3ll, 313 Bradykinin, 390, 400 Brain gray matter, 158

BRCA1 gene, mutations in, 390, 400 Breast cancer, 347, 395, 403

Brown adipose tissue, 102 Brown fat cells, 37

Bruch membrane, 370 Brunner glands, 285

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), 134, 184 Bulbourethral glands, 361

Bullous pemphigoid, 83 cBurkitt lymphoma, 171

Calcitonin, 120, 231 Calcium ions, 131, 134 Canal of Schlemm, 369f, 370

aqueous humor and, 384, 386 Cancellous bone. See Spongy bone Cancers, oralregion, 274 Capillaries. See Blood vascular

system, capillaries Capsular space. See Bowman space

Carbohydrates, 289 digestionof, 396, 404

Carbon monoxide poisoning, 268 Carcinoma, 88

of cervix, 342 Cardiac arrest, 185 Cardiac layers, 184-185

Cardiac muscle cells, 133, 134t features of, 133-134

structural components of, 134-135 Carotid body, 194-195

Carotid sinus, 194 Carrier proteins, 5, Sf Cartilage, 106

elastic cartilage, 109 fibrocartilage, 109 hyaline cartilage, 106-109 review test, 121-122

answers and explanations, 123 types of, 106, 106t, 107f

Caspases, 28 Catagen phase, 252 Catalytic receptors, 8 Cataract, 372

Catecholamine release, 237 Caveolin-coated vesicles, 42 Cell cycle, 25, 25f

interphase, 25 control factors, 26 G1 phase, 25

G2 phase, 26 S phase, 25 mitosis, 26, 26f anaphase, 27 metaphase, 27

prometaphase, 27 prophase, 26-27 stages of, 27t telophase, 27

Cell signaling, 5

Central memory T cells (TCMs), 205 Central nervous system (CNS), 143

cerebrospinal fluid, 159 meninges, 158

white matter and gray matter, 158 Centriole, 9 + 0 configuration, 85f Centrosome

function, 47

polymerization oftubulin, 47f structure, 46-47

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 159 Cervical cancer, 342, 395, 403 CPU-Meg (MKP cells), 178 Channel-linked receptors, 8 Chemiosmotic coupling mechanism,

mitochondria, 36f, 37 Chloride channel proteins, 6 Chloride shift, 169

Cholecystitis, 305 Cholera-induced diarrhea, 286 Cholera toxin, 8

Cholesterol, plasma membrane, 2 Chondroblasts, 108 Chondrocytes, 107f, 108 Chondroitin sulfate, 62 Chondronectin, 64, 392, 401 Choroid, 369f, 370

characteristic of, 384, 386

408 Index

Chromaffin cells, 236-237

Chromatin, 19. See also Nucleus, chromatin condensed, 20

extended, 20 sex, 19

Chromophobes, 224

Chromosomes. See also Nucleus, chromosomes nondisjunction of, 30

segregation checkpoint, 26 sex, 21

Chronic glaucoma, 371 Chronic leukemias, 171 Chronic renal failure, 315 Chylomicrons, 101, 396, 404 Chyme, 279

Cigarette smoking, and lung cancer, 261 Cilia

motile, actively, 84-86 nonmotile, 86

Ciliary body, 369f, 370-371 Ciliary dynein arms, 84, 84f Ciliated cells, 395, 403

Circulatory System. See Blood vascular system; Lymphatic vascular system

Clara cells, 262, 395, 403

Clathrin-coated vesicles, 38, 40, 40f Claudins, 77

Cleavage, 343

Clostridium botulinum toxin, 388, 398 C02 transport, by erythrocytes, 169 Coagulation disorders, 174

Coated vesicles

caveolin-coated vesicles function, 42 structure, 42

clathrin-coated vesicles, 40f function, 38, 40 structure, 38

coatomer-coated vesicles function, 41-42, 4lf structure, 40

inositol phospholipids, 42 rab proteins, 43 retromer-coated vesicles, 42

Coatomer-coated vesicles, 40-42, 4lf Cochlea, 378f, 379

micrographof, 38lf

Cochlear duct and spiral organ of Corti, 380, 38lf Codon, 21

Cold receptors, 367f, 368 Collagen, 64

fibers, 92-93, 107f, 369 fibril-associated collagens, 70 fibril-forming collagens, 69-70

extracellular events in synthesis, 66-67, 67f, 68-69f

intracellular events in synthesis, 64, 66 network-forming collagens, 70

synthesis, 67f transmembrane collagens, 70 types, 65-66t, 69, 71

Colorectal carcinoma, 287 Colostrum, 347

Commonvariable immunodeficiency, 208 Compact bone, ll2f

Complement proteins, 166 Concentric contraction, 132 Concentric lamellae, 112f

Conductive hearing loss, 379

Cones androds, photoreceptor layer ofretina, 374f, 375 Congenital immunodeficiency disorders, 201 Congenital malformations, 144

Congenital megacolon. See Hirschsprung disease Congenital thymic aplasia. See DiGeorge syndrome Conjunctiva, 369, 369f, 377

Conjunctivitis, 377 Connective tissue, 63 classification of

connective tissue proper, 99-102 embryonic connective tissue, 99 specialized connective tissue, 102

elements, 135 extracellular matrix, 92

fibers, 92-93

ground substance, 92 fixed cells of

adipose cells, 94-95 fibroblasts, 93 mast cells, 95, 97 pericytes, 93

function, 92

origin oftissue cells, 94f principal phagocytes of, 392, 401 review test, 103-104

answers and explanations, 105 structure, 92

transient cells of, 98 granulocytes, 98-99 lymphoid cells, 98 macrophages, 98 plasma cells, 98

Connexin, 80, 334 Connexons, 80

Continuous (somatic) capillaries, 190f, 191 Contractile nonmuscle cells, 139

Cornea, 369f, 370

Bowman membrane, 369 corneal endothelium, 370 corneal epithelium, 369 corneal stroma, 369-370 Descemet membrane, 370

Corneal reflex(blink response), 370 Corpora cavernosa, 362

Corpus albicans, 336

Corpus hemorrhagicum, 335-336 Corpus luteum, 336

Corpus spongiosum, 362

Corti play, hair cells oforgan of, 391, 401 Cortisone, 109t

Costameres, 128

Countercurrent exchange system, 323 Cowper glands. See Bulbourethral glands C protein, 130

Creatine kinase, 129 Cribriform plate, 390, 400 Crinophagy, 56

Cristae ampullares, 380 Cryptorchidism, 350 Crypts ofLieberkiihn, 284 Crystallins, 372

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), 26 Cystic fibrosis, 6

Cystic.fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, 6

Cystinuria, 6

Cytokines, in immune response, 205, 206t

Cytoplasm, 33, 65f cytoskeleton, 46

actinfilaments (microfilaments), 47-48 intermediate filaments, 48, 49t microtubules, 46

plectin, 48 inclusions, 46

centrosome, 46-47 glycogen, 46

lipid droplets, 46 lipofuscin, 46

interactions among organelles, 49 intracellular digestion, 56 protein synthesis, 50-54 uptake and release ofmaterial

by cells, 49-50 organelles, 34f

annulate lamellae, 35 coated vesicles, 38, 40, 40f Golgi apparatus, 37, 38f, 39f lysosomes, 43-45 mitochondria, 36-37 peroxisomes, 45

plasma membrane, 33, 34f ribosomes, 33-34, 34f

rough endoplasmic reticulum, 34-35, 34f, 35f

smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 35 review test, 58-59

answers and explanations, 60 structural components, 33-49

Cytoplasmic dynein, 46 Cytoplasmic organelles, 138 DCytoskeleton, 46-48

Darier disease, 80 Deafness, 80

Deep brain stimulation, 151 Defective G, proteins, 8 Demyelination, 153

Dendrites, 145, 145f, 146f, 147, 246 Dendrodendritic synapses, 151 Dense connective tissue, 99

irregular, 99 regular, 99

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 15, 393, 402 double helix, 21

structure of, 21 Dermal papillary layer, 248

Dermal reticular layer, 248-249 Dermis, 248-249

Descemet membrane, 370 Desmin, 125, 128

Desmin-related myopathy (DRM), 125 Desmoplakin, intracellular

trafficking of, 79, 80 Desmosome, 79, 136f

Detached retina, 391, 400 Diabetes insipidus, 226, 323 Diabetes mellitus, 323

type III, 148 Diarthroses, 387, 397 Diffuse axonal injury, 1 1

Diffuselymphoid tissue, 21 1-212

Diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) cells, 221, 229, 247, 281-282

DiGeorge syndrome, 215

I ndex

409

Digestive system, 273 alimentary canal, 278-279

esophagus, 279 histological features of, 278t hormones secreted by

cells of, 28lt immune system of, 285 large intestine, 285-288 small intestine, 282-285 stomach, 279-282

digestion and absorption carbohydrates, 289 fats, 289

proteins, 289

water and electrolytes, 289 function of, 273

oral region

dental-supporting structures, 275 lips, 273

palate, 274 teeth, 274-275 tongue, 275-277

reviewtest, 291-292

answers and explanations, 293 Dilator pupillae muscle, 371

Diploid number, 21 Diploid zygotes, 29 Disse, space of, 301 Diverticulitis, 286-287 Dopamine, 152t, 162, 164

Double negative T cells, 202 Double positive T cells, 202 Down syndrome (trisomy 21), 30 Dry macular degeneration, 375 Duchenne muscular dystrophy

(DMD), 128 Ductuli efferentes, 358 Ductus epididymis, 358-359 Dystrobrevin, 128 Dystroglycan complex, 128 EDystrophin, 128

Ear, sense ofhearing, 378-383 E-cadherin, 79

Eccrine sweat glands, 248f, 249 Ectoderm, 144f

Ectopic tubal pregnancy, 343, 395, 403 Edema, 99, 195

Effector T cells, 205

Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome, 67 Elastic arteries, 186

Elastic cartilage, 106t, 109, 390, 399 Elastic fibers, 93, 107f

components elastin, 70 fibrillin-1, 70 fibulin-5, 71

type VIII collagen, 71 synthesis of, 71

Elastic tissue, 100 Elastin, 70, 93

Electrical synapses, 152-153 Embryonic connective tissue, 99 Emphysema, 267

Enamel, 391, 400

Endocardium, 184 Endocrine glands, 88

41 0 Index

Endocrine system, 221

adrenal glands (see Adrenal glands) function of, 221

glands of, 221 hormones, 221

lipid-soluble hormones, 221 water-soluble hormones, 221 parathyroid glands, 232-233, 233f

chiefcells, 232-233 oxyphil cells, 233

parathyroid hormone (PTH), 233 pineal gland, 237

neuroglial cells, 238 pinealocytes, 238

pituitary gland (see Pituitary gland) reviewtest, 239-240

answers and explanations, 241 thyroid gland, 228, 229f

follicular cells, 228, 230f parafollicular cells, 229, 232f thyroid follicles, 228, 230f thyroid hormones, physiological

effects of, 231

Endocytic pathways, used by cells, 50, 5lf Endocytosis, 49

phagocytosis, 50 pinocytosis, 49

receptor-mediated endocytosis, 50 Endogenous immunogens, 209 Endolymphatic duct, 380 Endolymphatic sac, 380 Endometriosis, 339, 395, 404 Endomysium, 124

Endoneurium, 154, 154f Endoplasmic reticulum, 34f Endorphins, 152t Endosomes

early, 43 late, 43-44 Endosteum, 110

Endothelium, corneal, 370 Enkephalins, 152t Entactin, 64

Enteric nervous system, 157, 279 Eosinophils, 99, 391, 401 Ependymal cells, 150 Epicardium, 185

Epidermis

Langerhans cells, 246-247 melanocytes, 246

Merkel cells, 247 nonkeratinocytes in, 246-247 stratum basale, 246

stratum corneum, 245, 245f stratum granulosum, 245 stratum lucidum, 243 stratum spinosum, 243

Epidermolysis, 397

Epidermolysis bullosa, 248, 395, 403 Epimysium, 124

Epineurium, 153, 154f Epithelia, 63, 75

apical epithelialsurfaces, 83 cilia, 84-86, 84f microvilli, 83 stereocilia, 83

basal epithelialsurfaces, 80

basal plasma membrane infoldings, 83 basement membrane, 80-81

focal adhesions, 82 hemidesmosomes, 82-83

classification, 75-76, 75t, 76f function, 76-77

glands, 87 classification, 87-88 structure, 87

junctional complex, anchoring junctions, 79 lateral epithelialsurfaces, 77-80

gap junction, 79-80 junctional complex, 77, 78f, 79 lateral interdigitations, 80

pseudostratified epithelia, 76, 76f review test, 89-90

answers and explanations, 91 structure, 75

Epithelial cell tumors, 88 Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, 275 Epithelial reticular cells, 213, 214f, 215 Epitopes, 201, 208

Epstein-Barrvirus (EBV), 171 Erythroblastosis fetalis, 168

Erythrocytes (redblood cells), 167-168, 167t formation, 176

hematocrit, 168 hemoglobin, 169 precursor cells, 176, 177t

transport of C02 and 02 by, 169 Erythroid progenitor cells, 176 Erythropoiesis, 176

Escherichia coli, 285 Estradiol, 109t Estrogen, 337

Euchromatin, 16f, 19, 388, 398 Eustachian tube, 379

Examination, comprehensive, 387-396 answers and explanations, 397-404

Excessive apoptosis, 28 Exocrine glands, 87-88 Exocrine pancreas, 296-297 Exocytosis, 50

Exogenous immunogens, 209 Exons, 21, 23

Exportins, 17

External auditorymeatus, 378, 378f External ear, 378

External elastic lamina, 186 External lamina, 136f Exteroceptors, 366

Extracellular matrix (ECM), 92-93 fibers

collagen, 64-71 elastic fibers, 70-71

functions, 61 glycoproteins of, 63t ground substance

fibronectin receptors, 64, 65f glycoproteins, 63-64 glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 61, 62t proteoglycans, 63

review test, 72-73

answers and explanations, 74 structure, 61, 62f

Extrapulmonary bronchi, 260, 403 Eye floaters, 373

Eyelids, 377

Eyes, sense of sight

accessory structures of, 377-378 refractive media of, 371-372

retina, 373-376

tunica fibrosa, 368-370

Ftunica vasculosa, 370-371

Facial nerve, 378f Facilitated diffusion ofions

gated ion channels, 6-7 ionophores, 7

K+ leak channels, 6 in passive transport, 5

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 128

F-actin, 65f, 77, 129

FactorVIII deficiency (hemophilia A), 174, 398

Familial hypercholesterolemia, 50 Fasciae adherents, 79

Fascialjunctions, 136f Fascia occludens, 79 Fats, 289

Fattyacyltail, plasma membrane, 1, 2f Fecal transplant, 287

Female patternbaldness, 253 Female reproductive system, 330

cervix, 341

fertilization and implantation, 342-343 mammaryglands, 346

active,( 346 nipple, 346 resting, 346 secretions of, 347

ovaries see Ovaries) oviducts (fallopian tubes), 338

mucosa, 338-339, 338f muscularis, 338f, 339 serosa,( 339

placenta, 343-345 review test, 348

answers and explanations, 349 uterus seeUterus)

vagina, 345 vulva, 345-346

Fenestrated (visceral) capillaries, 190f, 191 Fertilization, 342-343

Fibers, 64-71 connective tissue, 92

collagen fibers, 92-93 elastic fibers, 93 reticular fibers, 93

Fibrillar centers, 18 Fibrillin, 71 Fibrils, 66 Fibrinogen, 166 Fibroblasts, 93

Fibrocartilage, 106t, 109, 390, 399 Fibronectin, 65f

function, 63 receptors, 64, 65f types and location, 63

Fibrous astrocytes, 149 Fibulin-5, 71 First-degree burns, 77

Fluid mosaic model, ofplasma membrane, 1-4 Focal adhesions, 82

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 333, 334 Follicular cells, 228, 230f

Folliculogenesis, time period of, 335 Folliculostellate cells, 224

I ndex

41 1

Fordyce granules, 273 Foreign body giantcells, 98 Fovea centralis, 373

FreeG nerve endings, 367f, 368

G1 DNA damage checkpoint, 26

G2 damage checkpoint, 26 Gallbladder, 304, 304f, 389, 398 Gallstones, 305

y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 152t, 162, 164 y-globulins, 166

Ganglia, 155 Ganglion, 144f, 376

dorsal root, 158f Gap junctions, 79-80

Gastric intrinsic factor, 396, 404 Gastric mucosa, 279

Gastric muscularis externa, 280 Gastric submucosa, 279-280 Gastrin, 282, 389, 394, 399, 402 Gated ion channels, 6-7

ligand-gated channels, 7 mechanically gated channels, 6 voltage-gated channels, 6

Gene, 21

Genetic apparatus, ofmitochondria, 36 Genome, 21

Glands, 87-88

of digestive system, 294 gallbladder, 304

liver, 299-304, 300f, 302f pancreas, 296-298, 297f, 298t review test, 306-307, 308 salivary glands, 294-295

endocrine, 88 exocrine, 87-88 structure, 87

Glans penis, 362

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, 174 Glaucoma, 371

Glial fibrillary acidic protein, 59, 60 Glial ftlaments, 59, 60

Globularactin monomers (G actin), 58, 60 Glomerulonephritis, 314, 390, 399 Glucagon, 298

Glucocorticoids, 266, 271, 272, 387, 397 Glucosamine, 62

Glucose transport, 6 Glutamate, 152t, 162, 164 Gluten enteropathy, 286 Glycine, 70, 152t

Glycocalyx (cell coat), 2, 392, 401 composition, 4

function, 4

of striated border, 396, 404 Glycogen, 46

storage diseases, 57 Glycolipids, plasma membrane, 2 Glycoproteins, 4, 63, 63t

chondronectin, 64 entactin, 64 fibronectin, 63 laminin, 64 osteonectin, 64 tenascin, 64

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 61, 62t Goblet cells, 283

Goiter, 231

412 Index

Golgi apparatus, 34f, 38f, 39f functions, 37

regions, 37 structure, 37

Golgi complex, 146, 146f

Golgi tendon organs, 133, 367f, 368 Gonadotrophs, 224

G proteins, 8, 392, 401

G protein-linked receptors, 8 heterotrimeric G proteins, 8, 9f, 9t monomeric G proteins, 8

Graafian follicle, 334-335 Granulocytes, 98-99, 167t, 170, 170t

basophils, 99 eosinophils, 99 formation, 176-178 neutrophils, 99 precursor cells, 178 progenitor, 178

Granulomere, 172 Granulosa lutein cells, 336 Graves disease, 7, 228 Gray matter, in CNS, 158 Guanine, 21 HGynecomastia, 346

Haploid number, 21 Hassall corpuscles, 215 Haversian canal, 112f, 1 14 Haversian systems, 114 Hay fever, 98

Heat receptors, 368 Hematocrit, 168 Hemoglobin (Hb), 169

Hemopoiesis. See Blood and hemopoiesis Hemopoietic growth factors, 179, 180t Hemopoietic stem cells. See Pluripotential

hemopoietic stem cells Hemorrhoids, 194, 287 Hemosiderosis, 227

Henle, loop of, 316-318, 316f Heparin, 70

Hepatic acinus ofRappaport, 301 Hepatitis, 303

Hepatocytes, 302-303 hepatic functionsby, 303

Hereditary spherocytosis, 1 1 Herpetic stomatitis, 274, 389, 399 Heterochromatin, 16f, 19 Heterographs, 1 19 Heterophagy, 44f, 56, 402

Heterotrimeric G proteins, 8, 9t, 9f Hirschsprung disease, 144 Histamine, 282

hnRNP particles, 19 Hodgkin disease, 208, 398 Holocrine glands, 88 Homographs, 119 Hormones

adrenal gland cells and, 234t lipid-soluble hormones, 221 pituitary, physiological effects of, 226t water-soluble hormones, 221

Howship lacunae, 111

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 338 Humanchorionic somatomammotropin (hCS), 338 Human epidermal growth factor. See Urogastrone Huntington chorea, 151

Hurler syndrome, 57

Huxley sliding-filament model, 130, 130f Hyaline cartilage, 106, 107f, 108f, 109t, 390, 399

degeneration of, 109

effects ofhormones and vitamins on, 109t histogenesis of, 109

appositional growth, 109 interstitial growth, 109

structure of chondroblasts, 108 chondrocytes, 108 matrix, 106, 108 perichondrium, 108

Hyaline membrane disease, 266, 390, 400 Hyalomere, 171, 172

Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan), 61 Hydrocortisone, 109t

Hydrophilic signaling molecules, 7 Hydroxylysine, 70 Hydroxyproline, 70

Hypercellular (hyperplastic) obesity, 102 Hyperhidrosis, 249 Hyperparathyroidism, 233 Hyperthermia, 357

Hypertrophic obesity, 102 Hypervitaminosis A, 109t Hypoparathyroidism, 240, 241 Hypophyseal fossa, 222 Hypophyseal portal system, 228 Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, 225 Hypovitaminosis A, C, D, 109t

Icterus. See Jaundice IKB, 200

Ileum, 389, 399 Immature teratomas, 343

Immature T lymphocytes, 215 Immotile cilia syndrome, 86 Immunogens, 209

Immunoglobulin E antibodies, 392, 401 Immunoglobulins, 210

classes, 210-211 IgA, 211

IgD and IgE, 211 IgG, 211

IgM, 211 structure, 210

Importins, 17

Incus, 378f, 379

Inducible T reg cells, 206, 218, 220

Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), 266 Infectious hepatitis. SeeViral hepatitis A Infectious mononucleosis, 171

Inferior rectus muscle, 369f Inhibin, 357

Innate immune system, 199

Inner circumferential lamellae, 1 12f, 1 14 Inner ear, membranous labyrinth of, 388, 398 Inner leaflet, plasma membrane, 1, 2f

Innernuclearmembrane, 15-16 Inositol phospholipids, 42 Insufficient apoptosis, 28 Insulin, 8, 101, 298 Insulinomas, 299

Integral proteins freeze-fracturing and, 4f plasma membrane, 1, 3

Integrin receptors, 64, 65f

Interalveolar septum, 267-268 Intercalated disks, 135, 136f

function of, 388, 398

Intercalated neurons. See Interneurons Interchromatin granules, 19 Interferon-y, 218, 220, 393, 402 Interleukin-1 (IL-l), 393, 402 Interleukin-6 (IL-6), 101

Intermediate filaments, 48 types of, 49t

Internal acoustic meatus, 378f Internal carotid artery, 378f Internalear, 378f, 379

auditoryfunction of, 382 bony labyrinth, 379 membranous labyrinth, 379

cochlear duct, 380-382 endolyrnphaticduct, 380 endolyrnphatic sac, 380 saccule and utricle, 379-380 semicircular ducts, 380

vestibular function of, 383 Internal elastic lamina, 186 Interneurons, 146

Internodes segments ofnerve fiber, 153 Interoceptors, 366

Interstitial cells of Leydig, 351, 393, 402 Interstitial lamellae, 114

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, 267 Interterritorial matrix, hyaline cartilage, 107f, 108 Intestinal microbes, 287

Intracellular digestion lysosomal digestion, 44f, 56

autophagy, 56 crinophagy, 56 heterophagy, 56

nonlysosomal digestion, 56 Intracellular second messenger system, 4 Intrapulmonary bronchi, 260

Intrinsic pathway, ofblood coagulation, 391, 401 Introns, 21

Ion channel proteins, 5, Sf lonophores, 7

Iris, 369f, 371 Irisin, 102

Ischemic heart disease, 188 Islets of Langerhans, 297 Isometric contraction, 132

Jaundice, 303 Joints

diarthroses (synovial joints), 120 synarthroses, 120

Junctional adhesive molecules (JAMs), 77 Junctional complex, epithelia, 77, 78f

anchoringjunctions, 79 focal adhesions, 79 hemidesmosomes, 79

tight junction, 77, 79 KJuxtaglomerular {JG) apparatus, 318

K+ leak channel, 392, 401 Kaposi sarcoma, 205 Karyotype, 21

Keloids, 249, 397

Keratosis follicularis. SeeDarier disease Kidneys, 309-310, 310f

I ndex

413

arterial supply to, 320 venous drainage of, 321, 32lf

Kinesin, 46

Klinefelter syndrome, 30, 32 Knobloch syndrome {type I), 70

Krause end bulbs (cold receptor), 367f, 368 KrebsL cycle, enzymes of, 36

Lacrimal apparatus, 377-378 Lactating mammary glands, 346 Lacunae, 107f, 108

Lamina densa, 69, 81, 8lf, 313, 314 Lamina Iucida, 81, 81f

Lamina reticularis, 81 Laminin, 64, 65f

Landouzy-Dejerine syndrome. See Facioscapulo- humeral muscular dystrophy

Langerhans cells, 246-247 Lanugo, 251

Large intergenic noncoding RNAs {lincRNAs), 24 Large intestine, 285

anal canal, 287 appendix, 288 cecum and colon, 286 function of, 286 lumen of, 286 rectum, 287

Larynx, 259-260

Lens, eye, 371-372, 372f Leptin, 101, 102 Leukemias, 171

Leukocytes {white blood cells), 167f, 167t, 170 agranulocytes, 170-171, 17lt granulocytes, 170, 170t

Leydig, interstitial cells of, 351 Ligand-gated ions channels, 7 Linker DNA, 20

Lipid bilayer, plasma membrane, 2-3f fluidity of, 3

molecular structure cholesterol, 2 glycolipids, 2 leaflets, 1-2 phospholipids, 1

Lipid droplets, 46 Lipid rafts, 3, 4-5

Lipid-soluble hormones, 221 Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, 7

Lipid-to-protein ratio, in plasma membranes, 4 Lipofuscin, 46

Lipomas, 102 Lipoprotein lipase, 100 Liposarcomas, 102 Lissencephaly, 46 Liver, 299

blood and bile flow, 301-302, 302f functionof, 299

hepatic functions, 303 hepatocytes, 302-303 liver lobules, 300-301, 300f sinusoids, 388, 398

Lobular carcinoma, 395, 403 Loop ofHenle, 316-318, 316f

Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue), 99 Lou Gehrig disease. See Amyotrophic

lateral sclerosis (ALS) Lumbar puncture, 159

Lumen, 34

41 4 Index

Luminal ring, ofnuclear pore complex, 17, 17f Lung

cancer, 261 lobules, 269

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 334, 351 Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone

(LHRH), 337, 356 Lymphatic capillaries, 195 Lymphatic vascular system, 195

large lymphatic vessels, 195 lymphatic capillaries, 195

Lymphatic vessels, large, 195 Lymph nodes, 212, 212f

function, 213 structure, 213 Lymphocytes, 170, 17lt formation, 179

Lymphoid cells, 98

B lymphocytes (B cells), 98 natural killer cells (NK cells), 98 T lymphocytes (T cells), 98

Lymphoid nodules, 211-212, 284-285 primarynodules, 212

secondary nodules, 211 Lymphoid organs

primary, 199 secondary, 199

Lymphoid (immune) system, 199 adaptive immune system, 200

antigen presentation and role ofMHC molecules HLA restriction, 209

immunogens, 209 MHC, 209

B lymphocytes, 207-208 cells of, 199, 202f, 203f

diffuselymphoid tissue, 211-212 immunoglobulins, 210-211 innate immune system, 199 lymphoid organs

lymph node, 213 spleen, 215-217 thymus, 213-215 tonsils, 217

macrophages, 208 NK cells, 208 review test, 218-219

answers and explanations, 220 T lymphocytes, 199

maturation of, 201-202 types and subtypes of, 205

Lymphopoiesis, 179 Lysine, 394, 403

Lysosomal storage diseases, 57 Lysosomes, 34f, 394, 402

formation, 43-44

early endosomes, 43 late endosomes, 43-44

structure, 43 types

autophagolysosomes, 44-45 multivesicular bodies, 44 phagolysosomes, 44 residual bodies, 45

MLysozyme, 377, 394, 402

Macrophages, 50, 98, 174, 392, 401 Macula, 369f, 373

adherens, 136f

Maculae, neuroepithelial hair cells in, 379, 384, 386 Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 201, 209 Malabsorption disorders, 286

Male pattern baldness, 253 Male reproductive system, 350

accessory genital glands bulbourethral glands, 361 prostate gland, 359-360, 360f seminal vesicles, 359

function of, 350 genital ducts

ductuli efferentes, 358 ductus deferens, 359 ductus epididymis, 358-359 ejaculatory duct, 359

extratesticular ducts, 358-359 histology and functions of, 357t intratesticular ducts, 357

penis

connective tissue and skin, 362 corpora cavernosa, 362 corpus spongiosum, 362

review test, 363-364

answers and explanations, 365 testes, 350, 35lf

interstitial cells of Leydig, 351 lobuli testes, 351

regulation of spermatogenesis, 356 seminiferous epithelium, 353f seminiferous tubules, 351

Sertoli cells, 352-353 spermatogenesis, 353-354 spermatogenic cells, 354 spermatozoon, 355 spermiogenesis, 354 testicular tunicae, 351

urethra, 361

Malignant melanoma, 244, 395, 403 Malleus, 378f, 379

Malpighian layer, 243 Manchette, 354, 393, 402

Mannose-6-phosphate (M-6-P), 44 Marfan syndrome, 71

Mast cells, 95, 390, 392, 400, 401 activation and degranulation of, 97f mediators released by, 96t

Matrix

fibronectin, 392, 401 hyaline cartilage, 106, 108

Mature teratomas, 343 Mechanoreceptors, 366 Megakaryoblasts, 178 Megakaryocytes, 179 Meiosis, 29, 29f

equatorial division (meiosis II), 30 reductional division (meiosis I), 29

anaphase I, 30 metaphase I, 30 prophase I, 30 telophase I, 30

Meissner corpuscles, 248, 367f, 368, 390, 400 Melatonin, 238

Membrane carrierproteins, 392, 401 Membrane-coating granules, 389, 399 Membrane proteins, plasma membrane functional characteristics of, 4

integral proteins, 3 major classes of, 9t peripheral proteins, 3-4

Membrane receptors domains of, 7 functions of, 7-8 types of

catalytic receptors, 8 channel-linked receptors, 8 G protein-linked receptors, 8

Membrane recycling, 50 Membranous labyrinth, 379-382 Memory T cells, 205

Meniere disease, 383 Meninges, 158 Meningitis, 154 Menopause, 330 Merkel cells, 247, 367f Merocrine glands, 88 Mesenchymal tissue, 99

Messenger RNA (mRNA), 15, 22-23, 22f Metabolic syndrome, 102

Metaphase, ofmitosis, 26-27, 26f, 27t Metaplasia, 88

Metarterioles, 189, 193f Microbodies. See Peroxisomes Microfilaments, 47-48, 147 Microglia, 150

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, 246

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 23, 24 Microtubule-organizing center (MTOC), of cell, 27 Microtubules, 147

associated proteins, 46 function, 46

with kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein, 46 with microtubule-associated proteins, 46 polar, 46

structure, 46 Microvilli, 83 Middle ear, 378f, 379

Milk, mammary glands, 347 Mineralization, 80

Mitochondria, 34f, 35f, 134, 136f, 146f, 389, 398 ATP synthesis, 36f, 37

condensed, 37

enzymes and genetic apparatus elementary particles, 36 genetic apparatus, 36 Krebs cycle, enzymes of, 36

origin and proliferation, 37 structure, 36

Mitochondrion, 126f, 394, 402 Mitosis. See Cell cycle, mitosis Mixed-function oxidases, 393, 402 Mixednerves, 154

Monocytes, 98 formation, 178

Monodermal teratomas, 343 Monomeric G proteins, 8 Mononucleosis, infectious, 389, 398 Motilin, 394, 402

Motor nerves, 154 Motor neurons, 126f, 146

Motor unit, muscle cells of, 132 Mucosa, 338-339, 338f

alimentary canal, 278 appendix, 288 gallbladder, 304, 304f oral cavity, 273 respiratory system, 260 small intestine, 283-284

I ndex

41 5

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). See Diffuse lymphoid tissue

Mucous tissue (Whartonjelly), 99 Mucus, 88

Multidrug-resistant proteins (MDR proteins), 6 Multipass proteins. See Transmembrane proteins Multiple sclerosis (MS), 153

Multipolar neurons, 145, 145f Multipotential hemopoietic stem cells, 176 Multivesicular body lysosomes, 44 Mumps, 296

Muscle, 124

cardiac muscle, 133-135 contractile nonmuscle cells, 139 fibers. See Skeletal muscle review test, 140-141

answers and explanations, 142 skeletal muscle

contraction of, 130-132 innervation of, 132-133 structure of, 124

smooth muscle, 135, 137-139 spindle receptors, 133, 368

Muscular arteries, 186

Muscular (distributing) arteries, 389, 399 Muscularis mucosae, 285

Myasthenia gravis, 133 Myelin sheath, 150f, 152-153 Myeloblasts, 178

Myeloid stem cells, 98-99 Myocardial infarct, 135 Myocardium, 185 Myoepithelial cells, 139 Myofibrils, 125, 126f Myofibroblasts, 139

Myofilaments, molecular organization of thick filaments, 129-130

thin filaments, 129 Myoglobin, 395, 403 Myomesin, 129

Myoneural junction, 132-133 Myosin, 126f

globular head of, 394, 403 Myosin II, 129, 131 NMyostatin, 127

Na+-K+ pump, 6, 392, 401 Nails, 252-253

Naive T cells, 205 Nasal cavity, 257-259

Nasopharynx, 259, 395, 403

Natural killer cells (NK cells), 98, 393, 402 Nebulin, 126f, 129

Nectins, 77 Nephrons, 310

cortical nephrons, 310 distal convoluted tubule, 318 JG apparatus, 318

juxtamedullary nephrons, 310 loop of Henle, 316-318, 316f midcortical nephrons, 310

proximal convoluted tubule, 315-316 renal corpuscle, 310, 312f

Bowman space, 311, 313 podocytes, 313

renal filtration barrier, 314, 314f renal glomerulus, 313

Nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis, 319

41 6 Index

Nerve deafness, 382 Nerve fibers, 152-153 Nervous system, 143

autonomic nervous system, 157 autonomic nerve chains, 157 enteric nervous system, 157 parasympathetic system, 157 sympathetic system, 157

cells of

neuroglial cells, 148-150 neurons, 145-148

central nervous system, 143, 158 cerebrospinal fluid, 159 meninges, 158

white matter and gray matter, 158 degeneration and regeneration of nerve tissue

neuronal death, 160-161 peripheral nerve regeneration, 160f transection ofperipheral axons, 161

ganglia, 155

autonomic ganglia, 155 craniospinal ganglia, 155 histogenesis of, 143-144, 144f

histophysiology of action potential, 156

axonal transport ofmaterials, 156 resting membrane potential, 155-156 trophic function ofnervous tissue, 157

nerve fibers, 152 internodes, 153

myelin sheath, 150f, 152-153 nodes ofRanvier, 153

nerves, 153, 154f, 155f

connective tissue investments, 153-154 functional classification of, 154

peripheral nervous system, 143 review test, 162-163

answers and explanations, 164-165 somatic nervous system, 157 synapses, 151-152

N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion (NSF) protein, 41

Neural crest cells, 144, 144f Neural groove, 143, 144f Neural plate, 143, 144f Neural tube, 143, 144f Neuroepithelium, 143 Neurofibrils, 146f Neurofilaments, 147 Neuroglial cells, 148

general characteristics of, 148 types of, 149f

astrocytes, 148-149 ependymal cells, 150 microglial cells, 150 oligodendrocytes, 149 Schwann cells, 149-150

Neuroglial tumors, 144 Neurohypophysis, 225-226 Neuromuscular spindle, 367f Neuronal cell body, 146-147 Neurons, 145

functional classification of interneurons, 146 motor neurons, 146 sensory neurons, 146

morphologic classification of, 145f bipolar neurons, 145 multipolar neurons, 145

pseudounipolar neurons, 145
unipolar neurons, 145
structure of, 146f
axons, 147-148
dendrites, 147
neuronal cell body, 146-147
Neurotransmitters, 151, 152, 152t
Neutrophils, 50, 99
precursor cells, 178t
vs. basophils, 387, 397
Nexin, 84, 84f
Nissl bodies, 146, 146f
Nitric oxide, 169, 189
NK cells, 208	ll
Nociceptors, 366, 367f, 368
Nondisjunction of chromosomes, 30
Nonerythroid cells, cytoskeleton of, 10f,
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 205
Nonlactating mammary glands, 346
Norepinephrine, 152t, 162, 164

Nuclear basket, 17, 17f

Nuclear envelope, 34f. See also Nucleus, nuclear envelope

Nuclear export sequences, 17

Nuclear localization segments (NLS), 17 Nuclear localization sequences, 17 Nuclear matrix, 18-19

Nuclear membrane inner, 15-16 outer, 15

Nuclear pore complex (NPC) function of, 17

structure of, 16-17 cytoplasmic ring, 16-17, 17f luminal ring, 17 nucleoplasmic ring, 17

transport mechanisms, 17 Nuclear pores, 16

Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling signals, 17 Nucleolar matrix, 18

Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), 18 Nucleolus, 16f, 18, 34f

Nucleoplasm, 18-19 Nucleoplasmic reticulum, 19

Nucleoplasmic ring, ofnuclear pore complex, 17, 17f Nucleoporins, 16

Nucleosomes, 388, 398 Nucleostemin, 18 Nucleotides, 21 Nucleus, 15, 16f

chromatin, 19 euchromatin, 16f, 19 function of, 19 heterochromatin, 16f, 19

chromosomes, 20f condensed chromatin, 20 extended chromatin, 20 G-banding, 20-21 genome, 21

karyotype, 21 structure of, 20

DNA, 21 function of, 15 nuclear envelope

inner nuclear membrane, 15-16 nuclear pore complex, 16-17, 17f nuclear pores, 16

outer nuclear membrane, 15 perinuclear cisterna, 16

nucleolus function of, 18 structure of, 18

nucleoplasm, 18-19 nuclear matrix, 18-19 nuclear particles, 19

review test, 31

answers and explanations, 32 RNA, 22-24

of smooth muscle cells, 135 0 structure of, 15

02 transport, by erythrocytes, 169 Obesity, 102

Occludins, 77 Olfactory cells, 259

Olfactory epithelium, 259 Oligodendrocytes, 149 Oncogenes, 21

Optic disk, 369f, 376 Optic nerve, 368, 369f

Oral cavity, bacterial flora of, 294 Oral leukoplakia, 387, 397

Oral mucosa, histological features of, 276t Organelles. See Cytoplasm, organelles Organ of Corti

cells ofHensen and border cells of, 382 hair cells of, 382

inner and outer phalangeal cells of, 382 inner and outer pillar cells of, 382 spiral, 380, 38lf, 382

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast, 177t Osteoarthritis, 109

Osteoblasts, 110111 Osteocalcin, 1 10 Osteoclasts, 111, 113f

bone resorption, 113 cytoplasm, 111 morphology, 1 1 1

Osteocytes, 111 Osteogenesis imperfecta, 400 Osteomalacia, 119, 391, 400 Osteonectin, 64

Osteons. See Haversian systems Osteopetrosis, 112 Osteoporosis, 120, 400

in older women, 387, 397 Osteoprogenitor cells, 110

proliferation of, 1 19 Otitis media, 379 Otolithic membrane, 380

Outer circumferential lamellae, 112f, 114 Outer leaflet, plasma membrane, 1, 2f Outernuclearmembrane, 15

Ovarian carcinoid, 343 Ovaries, 330, 33lf

germinal epithelium, 330 hormonal regulation, 336, 337f

dominant follicle, ovulation of, 338 fate ofcorpus luteum, 337-338 follicle maturation and ovulation,

control of, 336-337 ovarian cortex, 332, 332f

atretic follicles, 336 corpus albicans, 336

corpus hemorrhagicum, 335 corpus luteum, 336 graafian follicle, 334-335

I ndex

41 7

growing follicles, 333-334 ovarian follicles, 332-333, 333t primordial follicles, 332, 332f

ovarian medulla, 336 primordial follicles of, 388, 397

Oviducts (fallopian tubes), 338 mucosa, 338-339, 338f muscularis, 338f, 339 serosa, 339

pOxyphil cells, 233

Pacinian corpuscles, 367, 367f Pain receptors. See Nociceptors Pancreas, 296, 389, 399

digestive enzymes by, 296 exocrine pancreas, 296-297 exocrine pancreatic secretions, 297 islet cells, 297

islethormones, 298

islets ofLangerhans, 297-298, 297f, 298t pancreatic acinar cells, 296

pancreatic ducts, 296 centroacinar cells of, 387, 397

Pancreatic acinar cells, 296 Pancreatic cancer, 299 Paneth cells, 284

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, 342, 395, 403 Paracrine glands, 87

Paracrine hormones, 7 Parafollicular cells, 229, 231, 232f

Parasympathetic system, ofnerve, 157 Parathyroid glands, 232-233 Parathyroid hormone, 120

Parietal cells, 280, 396, 404 Parkinson disease, 151 Pars fibrosa, 18

Pars granulosa, 18 Pars nervosa, 226 Passive transport, 5, Sf

facilitated diffusion, 5 simple diffusion, 5, Sf

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), 199

Paxillin, 65f Pepsin, 396, 404

Pepsinogen, 394, 402 Peptidyl transferase, 34 Perforin, 393, 402 Perichondrium, l07f, 108 Perichromatin granules, 19 Pericytes, 93, 392, 401

Perikaryon. See Neuronal cell body Perimysium, 124

Perineurium, 154, 154f Perinuclear cisterna, 16 Periosteum, 110, 112f

Peripheral nerve fibers, unmyelinated, 150 Peripheral proteins, plasma membrane, 1, 3-4 Permeability, of capillaries, 191

Pernicious anemia, 169, 398 Peroxisomal diseases, 45 Peroxisomes, 34f

function, 45 structure, 45 Pertussis toxin, 8

Peyer patches, 284, 389, 399 Phagocytosis, 50 Phagolysosomes, 44

41 8 Index

Phenobarbital, 35 Pheochromocytoma, 237 Phosphoinositide (PIP), 42, 42t Phospholipid, 392, 401

plasma membrane, 1 Photoreception, 375 Pineal gland, 237-238 Pinealocytes, 238 Pinocytosis, 49 Pinocytotic vesicles, 191 Pitting edema, 99, 195 Pituicytes, 226 Pituitary adenomas, 225

Pituitary gland, 221, 223f, 390, 400 adenohypophysis, 222, 224f pars distalis, 222-223

pars intermedia, 225 pars tuberalis, 225

neurohypophysis, 225

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, 225 pars nervosa, 226

pituicytes, 226

pars distalis, regulation of, 228

pituitary hormones, physiological effects of, 226t vascularization of, 226

Pituitary growth hormone, in bone formation, 120 Placenta, 343-345, 344t

Plasma cells, 98, 392, 401 Plasma fibronectin, 63, 391, 401

Plasmalemma-cytoskeleton association, 10-11 Plasmalogen deficiency, 45

Plasma membrane, 1, 33, 34f, 392, 401 cell-to-cell communication

membrane receptors, 7-8 signaling molecules, 7, 9[

fluid mosaic model of, 1-5 glycocalyx (cell coat), 4 lipid bilayer, 1-3

lipid rafts, 4-5 membrane proteins, 3-4

function of, 1

plasmalemma-cytoskeleton association, 10-11 nonerythroid cells, 11

red blood cells, 10 review test, 12-13

answers and explanations, 14 structure of, 1

transport processes, 5-7 active transport, 6

facilitated diffusion of ions, 6-7 passive transport, 5

Platelet aggregation, 401

Platelets (thrombocytes), 167f, 167t, 171-172, 172t, 178

Plectin, 48

Pluripotential cells, 392, 401

Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSCs), 176 Polar head, plasma membrane, 1, 2f Polychromatophilic erythroblast, 177t

Polycystic kidney disease, 86 Polyribosome, 33 Polysome. See Polyribosome

Posterior semicircular canal, 378f Postganglionic fibers, 157 Postsynaptic membrane, 152 Power stroke, 131

Precapillary sphincters, 191, 193f Precursor cells, 176t

Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA), 19 Prenatal hemopoiesis, 175

Presbyopia, 372 Presynaptic membrane, 152 Primary bronchioles, 261

Primary lymphoid organs, 199 Primary spermatocytes, 393, 402 Primordial follicles, of ovary, 388, 397 Procollagen, cleavage of, 66 Proerythroblast, 176, 177t Progenitor cells, 176

Progesterone, 337

Programmed cell death. See Apoptosis Prolactin, 239, 241, 345

Prometaphase, ofmitosis, 26-27, 26f, 27t Promyelocytes, 178

Prophase, 26-27, 26f, 27t Prophase I, 30 Proprioceptors, 366 Prostaglandin F2rv 335 Prostate gland, 359-360, 360[

adenocarcinoma of, 361 Proteases, 306, 308 Proteasome, 56

Protein hormones, 239, 241 Proteins, 289

digestion of, 396, 404 Protein synthesis, 50, 52f

cytosolic proteins, synthesis of, 54 membrane-packaged proteins, synthesis of, 50

anterograde transport from VTC to cis-Golgi, 54

posttranslational modification in RER, 54 protein processing in Golgi complex, 54, 55f protein transport from RER to cis-Golgi, 54 sorting ofproteins in TGN, 54, 55f translation ofmRNAs, 52-53

transport ofpeptide into RER cisterna, 53-54, 53f

transmembrane proteins, synthesis of, 54 Proteinuria, 390, 399

Proteoglycans, 4, 63, 92

Proto-oncogenes, 21 Protoplasmic astrocytes, 149

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells epithelia, 76f

Pseudounipolarneurons, 145, 145f Psoriasis, 246

Pulmonaryvascular supply, 269 Pupil, 369f, 371

Purines, 21

Purkinje cell layer, 158 Purkinje fibers, 135, 185 Pus, 99

RPyrimidines, 21

Rab effector proteins, 43

Rab proteins (Rab-GTPs), 43, 43t Radial spokes, 84, 84f

Ranvier, nodes of, 153

Rash, pharmacological agent for, 390, 400 Receptor-mediated endocytosis, ofligand, 39f, 50 Red blood cell, cytoskeleton of, 10, 10f

Red marrow, 174

Refractive media of eye, 371-372 Regulatory RNAs, 15, 23-24 Relaxin, 337

Renal cortex, 310

Renal failure, chronic, 315 Renal glomerulus, 313 Residual body Iysosomes, 45

Resistin, 101

Respiratory bronchioles, 264, 264f Respiratorysystem, 257

bronchial arteries and veins, 269 components of, 258t conducting portion of, 257

intrapulmonary bronchi, 260, 26lf larynx, 259-260

nasal cavity, 257-259 nasopharynx, 259

primary bronchioles, 261-262, 262f terminalbronchioles, 261-262

trachea and extrapulmonary bronchi, 260 lunglobules, 269

pulmonary artery, 269 pulmonary nerve supply, 269 pulmonary veins, 269 respiratory portion of, 262, 263f

alveolar ducts, 264, 264f alveolar macrophages, 267 alveolar sacs, 264, 264f alveoli, 264-266

blood-gas barrier in lung, 268 interalveolar septum, 267-268 respiratory bronchioles, 264, 264f type I pneumocytes, 265

type II pneumocytes, 236f, 265 reviewtest, 270-271

answers and explanations, 272 Resting membrane potential, 155-156 Rete testis, 357

Reticular fibers, 93 Reticular tissue, 100, 100f Reticulocyte, 177t

Retina, 369f, 373-374, 373f detachment of, 376

external limiting membrane, 376 ganglion cell layer, 376

inner limiting membrane, 376 inner nuclear layer, 376 inner plexiform layer, 376 optic nerve fiber layer, 376 outer nuclear layer, 376 outer plexiform layer, 376 photoreceptor layer, 375

cones, 374f, 375 rods, 374f, 375

retinal pigment epithelium, 374-375 Retinol-bindingprotein-4, 101 Retromer-coated vesicles, 42 Rheumatic fever, 197, 198

Rheumatic heart valve disease, 185 Rheumatoid arthritis, 109 Rhodopsin, 375

RhoGAM, 168 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 22

lincRNAs, 24 miRNAs, 23 mRNA, 22-23, 22f polymerase II, 23 rRNA, 15, 23, 24f siRNAs, 24 synthesis, 387, 397 tRNA, 23

Ribophorins, 34, 393, 402 Riboses, 22

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), 15, 23, 24f Ribosomes, 15, 34f

composition, 34t function, 33-34

I ndex

41 9

polyribosome, 33 structure, 33

Rickets, 1 19 Rigor mortis, 131

Rods and cones, photoreceptor layer of retina, 374f, 375

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), 34f, 35f, 393, 402 function, 35

structure, 34

Ruffinis corpuscles, 367, 367f

Saccule and utricle, 379-380 Saliva, 295

Salivary calculus, 296 Salivary glands, 294

acini, 295 ducts, 295 function of, 294 saliva, 295 structure of, 295

Sarcoglycan complex, 128 Sarcolemma, 124, 126f, 131 Sarcomere, 125, 126f

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), 35, 125, 126f, 134, 136f Schmidt-Lanterman, clefts (incisures) of, 153 Schwann cells, 149-150, 153, 154f

Sclera, 368, 369f Scurvy, 66

S DNA damage checkpoint, 26 Sebaceous glands, 251 Secondary follicles, 334 Secondarylymphoid organs, 199

Secondary messenger systems, 392, 401 Semicircular canals, 378f, 379 Semilunar valves, 185

Seminal vesicles, 359

Seminiferous tubules, 351-354, 352f Sense receptors, 366

ear, 378, 378f external, 378 internal, 379-383 middle, 379

eye, 368

accessory structures of, 377-378 anatomy of eyeball, 369f external anatomy of, 377f

iris, 371

refractive media of, 371-372 retina, 373-376

tunicafibrosa, 368-370 tunica vasculosa, 370-371

function of, 366 reviewtest, 384-385

answers and explanations, 386 specialized diffusereceptors, 366, 367f proprioceptive receptors, 368

temperature and pain receptors, 368 touch and pressure receptors, 367-368

Sensory nerves, 154 Sensory neurons, 146 Serotonin, 152t, 162, 164, 238 Serous, 88

Serous demilunes, 295 Sertoli cells, 352-353, 393, 402 Serum, 166

Serum hepatitis, 303 Sex chromatin, 19, 146f Sex chromosomes, 21 Sheehan syndrome, 227

420 Index

Sickle cell anemia, 169 Signal hypothesis, 53-54, 53f Signaling molecules, 9f

example of, 7 function of, 7 hydrophilic, 7 lipid-soluble, 7

Signal recognition particle (SRP), 53 Simple columnar epithelia, 76f Simple cuboidal epithelia, 76f

Simplediffusion,ofplasma membrane transport, 5, Sf Simple goiter, 403

Simple squamous epithelia, 76f Sinoatrial (SA) node, 185 Sinusoidal capillaries, 190f, 191 Sinusoids, 174

Sjogren syndrome, 296 Skeletal muscle, 126f, 127f, 134t

contraction of, 130, 130f

Huxley sliding-filament model, 130, 130f initiation and regulation of, 131

muscle cells ofmotor unit, 132 and relaxation, 131

innervation of, 132

Golgi tendon organ, 133 muscle spindles, 133 myoneural junctions, 132-133

structure of

connective tissue investments, 124 cross-striations, 127-128 myofilaments, 125, 126f, 129-130 red and white muscle fibers,

characteristics of, 125t satellite cells, 125, 127

skeletal muscle cells, 124-125, 126f, 127f Skin, 242, 248f

appendages of, 249

arrector pili muscle, 25lf, 252 cancers, 244

dermis, 248-249

dermal papillary layer, 248 dermal reticular layer, 248-249

epidermis, 242-243 Langerhans cells, 246-247 layers of, 243, 243f, 244t melanocytes, 246

Merkel cells, 247 nonkeratinocytes in, 246-247 stratum basale, 246

stratum corneum, 245, 245f stratum granulosum, 245 stratum lucidum, 243 stratum spinosum, 243

functions of, 242 glands in

apocrine sweat glands, 250 eccrine sweat glands, 248f, 249 sebaceous glands, 251

hair follicle, 25lf, 252 hairs, 251-252

histological features of, 244t nails, 252-253

reviewtest, 254-255

UVanswers and explanations, 256

thick and thin skin, distinction between, 247 radiation and, 244

Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma, 261 Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), 24 Small intestine

external layer of, 286

function of, 282

luminal surface of, 282-283 intestinal villi, 282-283, 282f microvilli, 283

plicae circulares, 282 mucosa of

crypts ofLieberkiihn, 284 epithelium of, 283 lamina propria, 284-285

lymphoid nodules, 284-285 muscularis mucosae, 285

muscularis externa of, 286 regions of, 282 submucosa of, 286

Smallnuclear RNPs (snRNPs), 19

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), 393, 402 function, 35

structure, 35 Smooth muscle, 134t

cells, structure of cytoplasmic densities, 139 cytoplasmic organelles, 138 filaments, 138

gap junctions, 139 nucleus, 135

contraction of, 139 innervation of, 139

SNARES, 41

v-SNARES and t-SNARES interaction, 41 Soluble NSF attachment protein (SNAP), 41 Soma. See Neuronal cell body Somatostatin, 282, 394, 402

intestinal peptide, 298 Somatotropin, 390, 400. See Pituitary

growth hormone Spectrin, 4, 10, 10f, 11, 168 Spermatogenesis, 353-354

meiosis, 353 regulation of, 356, 356f

spermatocytogenesis, 353 spermiogenesis, 354

Spermatogenic cells, 354 spermatids, 354, 393, 402 spermatocytes, 354 spermatogonia, 354

Spermatozoa, 363, 365

Spermatozoon, 355f head of, 355

tail of, 355

Sperm count, normal, 359 Spermiogenesis, 354 Sphincter pupillae muscle, 371 Spina bifida, 144

Spinal cord, 144f gray matter, 158

Spindle assembly checkpoint, 26 Spiral prominence, 380

Spleen

function of, 216

marginal zone, 216, 216f, 217 red pulp of, 217

smooth capsule ofhuman spleen, 216f vascularization of, 216

white pulp of, 216 Spongy bone, 113

Spontaneous pneumothorax, 267 Squamous cell carcinoma, 261 SRYgene, 330

Stapedius muscle, 379 Stapes, 378f, 379

Stem cells, 175 factor, 179 Stereocilia, 83 Stomach, 279

gastric glands, 280

cardiac and pyloric glands, 282 fundic glands, cells of, 280-282

gastric juice, 282 gastric pits, 279, 280f

gastric mucosa, 279

gastric muscularis externa, 280 gastricsubmucosa, 279-280 serosa, 280

gastric secretion, regulation of, 282 Stratified squamous epithelium, 89, 91, 273, 378

keratinized, 75t, 76f, 242, 275, 287, 291, 293, 390, 399

nonkeratinized, 75t, 76f, 87f, 259-260, 275, 287, 341, 345, 369

Stratum basale, 243 Stratum corneum, 245-246 Stratum granulosum, 245 Stratum lucidum, 245 Stratum spinosum, 243 Stria vascularis, 380 Stromal cells, 174

Struma ovarii, 343 Subcapsular epithelium, 371

Submandibular acinar cells, 307, 308 Superior semicircular canal, 378f Surface absorptive cells, 283-284 Surface ectoderm, 144f

Surface immunoglobulins, 207 Suspensory ligaments, 369f, 370 Sympathetic system, of nerve, 157 Symport, 6

Synapses, 151 classification on basis of

method ofsignal transmission, 151-152 site of synaptic contact, 151

neurotransmitters, 152, 152t synaptic morphology, 152

Synapsin I, 4

Synaptic cleft, 132, 152 Synaptic ribbons, 238 Synaptic vesicles, 152 Synovial fluid, 103, 105 TSyntrophins, 128

Talin, 1Of, 1 1, 65f Taste sensation, 277 Tay-Sachs disease, 57

T-cell receptors (TCRs), 201 T cells

double negative, 202 double positive T cells, 202

T cytotoxic, 206, 218, 220 Tectorial membrane, 382 Teeth, 274

cementum, 275 crown formation, 275 dentalpulp, 275

dental-supporting structures, 275 dentin, 275

enamel, 274

root formation, 275 Tektin, 84

Telogen phase, 252 Telophase, 26-27, 26f, 27t

I ndex

421

Telophase I, 30

Temperature and pain receptors, 368 Tenascin, 64

Tendons, dense, regular connective tissue in, 99 Tensor tympani muscle, 379

Teratomas, 343

Terminal bronchioles, 261-262, 395, 403 Terminal hairs, 252

Territorial matrix, hyaline cartilage, 107f, 108 Testicular cancer, 355

Testicular tunicae, 351 Testosterone, 109t, 351, 356, 393, 402 Tetany, 233

Tetralogy of Fallot, 184 Theca lutein cells, 336

T helper cells, 205, 218, 220, 393, 402 Thermoreceptors, 366

Thymic cortex, 203 Thymine, 21 Thymus, 213, 214f

blood-thymus barrier, 215 epithelial reticular cells, 213, 215

thymic cortex, 213 thymic medulla, 215 thymocytes, 215

Thyroid gland

follicular cells, 228, 230f

hormones, physiological effects of, 231 parafollicular cells, 229, 231, 232f thyroid follicles, 228, 230f

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 388, 398 Thyrotrophs, 223

Thyroxine, 109t

Titin, 126f, 130

T killer cells, 393, 402

T lymphocytes, 98, 179, 392, 401 immature, 215

maturation of, 201-202 migration of, 219, 220 types and subtypes of, 205

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 199, 200t Tongue, 275

lingual papillae, 276-277 lingual tonsil, 277 muscular core of, 277 taste buds, 277

Tonofilaments, 243 Tonsils, 217

lingual tonsil, 217, 277 palatine tonsils, 217 pharyngeal tonsil, 217, 259

Tooth crown, development of, 388, 398 Touch and pressure receptors, 367-368 Trachea, 395, 403

Trachea bronchi, 260 Transfer RNA (tRNA), 15, 23 Transfer vesicles, 34, 35 Transformed cells, 28

Trans-Golgi network (TGN), 37, 38f Transient cells, of connective tissue, 98-99 Transitional epithelia, 76f

Translocation, ofproteins, 56 Transmembrane proteins, 3 Triads, 125 Triiodothyronine, 228

Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), 287 Tropoelastin, 71

Tropomodulin, 126f, 129

Tropomyosin, 126f, 129 Troponin, 126f, 129

422 Index

T (transverse) tubules, 124-125, 126f, 131, 134, 136f Tumor cells, 393, 402

Tumor diagnosis, 49

Tumor necrosis factor-u (TNF-u), 101, 284, 336 Tunica adventitia, 186, 192

Tunica albuginea, 351 Tunica fibrosa, 368-370 Tunica intima, 186, 192 Tunica media, 186, 192 Tunica vasculosa, 370-371 Turner syndrome, 30

Tympanic membrane (eardrum), 378 Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes

mellitus (IDDM), 299, 306, 308 Type II collagen, 103, 105

Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes

umellitus (NIDDM), 299

Unipolar neurons, 145, 145f Unreplicated DNA checkpoint, 26 Uracil, 22, 387, 397

Ureter, 325

Urethra, 326

female urethra, 326 male urethra, 326

Urinary space. See Bowman space Urinary system, 309

excretory passages, 324-325, 324t ureter, 325

urethra, 326

urinary bladder, 325, 325f functionof, 309

kidneys, 309, 310f renal cortex, 310 renal hilum, 309

renal interstitium, 310 renal lobe and lobule, 310 renal medulla, 309

renal pelvis, 309

renal blood circulation, 320, 32lf arterial supply to kidney, 320 venous drainage ofkidney, 321

review test, 327-328

answers and explanations, 329

urine concentration, regulation of, 321-322 collecting tubules, role of, 322 countercurrent exchange system, 323, 323f countercurrent multiplier system, 322, 322f effect ofurea, 323-324

uriniferous tubules, 31lt collecting tubules, 320 nephrons (see Nephrons)

Urogastrone, 282, 394, 402 Uromodulin, 317

Uterine endometrium, 348, 349 Uterine prolapse, 341

Uterus, 339

endometrium, 339, 340f layers of, 339 vascular supply of, 339

external covering, 340 menstrual cycle

menstrual phase, 340-341 proliferative (follicular) phase, 341 secretory (luteal) phase, 341

myometrium, 340 uterine wall, 339

v

Vagina, 345

Vaginal mucosa, 348, 349 Varicose veins, 194 Vasa vasorum, 186

Vascular smooth muscle, 139 Vasectomy, 361

Vasoactive intestinal peptide, 298 Vasoconstriction, 189 Vasodilation, 189

Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic hormone Veins. See Blood vascular system, veins Vellus hairs, 251-252

Venoms, 7

Venules, 193f, 193t, 194 Verrucae. SeeWarts

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), 101 Vesicular-tubular clusters (VTCs), 37, 38f, 54 Vestibular hair cells, 379-380

Vestibular membrane, 380 Vestibulocochlear apparatus, 378-383 Vinca alkaloids, 28

Vinculin, 10f, 11, 65f Viral hepatitis A, 303 Viral hepatitis B, 303 Viral hepatitis C, 303

Visceral pericardium. See Epicardium Visceral smooth muscle, 139

Visible mucus, 279

Vitamin A deficiency, 389, 399 Vitamin B12 absorption, 286, 396, 404 Vitamin K, role in clottingprocess, 169 Vitamins

in bone formation, 1 19

effects ofhormones and vitamins on, 109t effects on hyaline cartilage, 109t

Vitreous opacities (eye floaters), 373 Vocal cords, 260

Volkmann canal, 112f, 1 14 wvon Willebrand disease, 174

Warts, 253

Water and electrolytes, 289 Water-soluble hormones, 221

Wet macular degeneration, 375-376 White adipose tissue, 100-101 White matter, in CNS, 158

Wound healing, 63 XWoven bone, 1 15

Xenobiotics, 6

yX-linked agammaglobulinemia, 201

Yellowz marrow, 174

Z0-1, Z0-2, and Z0-3 protein, 77 Zellweger syndrome, 45

Zona fasciculata, 234 Zona glomerulosa, 234 Zona pellucida (ZP), 333 Zona reticularis, 234 Zonula adherens, 136f

junction, 79 Zygote, 343